Stress

Question 1

Acute Stress

Answer 1

Alterations in internal system on short erm basis

Question 2

what system does acute stress activate

Answer 2

sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

Question 3

what hormones are secreted

Answer 3

epinephren and adrenaline

Question 4

what hormones are secreted in acute stress

Answer 4

epinephren and adrenaline

Question 5

where are hormones secreted in acute stress

Answer 5

adrenal glands

Question 6

what does acute stress alter
(hint 3 things)

Answer 6

1. increased energy = more glucose = mobilise glucose
2. increased O2 intake = more breathing = more blood flow to muslces = higher heart rate + blood pressure
3. enhancement in memory and sensory processing

Question 7

what does acute stress do to the immune function

Answer 7

immune trafficking: WBCs get trafficked to the skin -> want WBC where there might be injury

Question 8

what does acute stress inhibit

Answer 8

digestion, growth, repair, reproduction, pain perception

Question 9

chronic stress

Answer 9

long term stressor -> long lasting response

Question 10

what area does chronic stressors activate

Answer 10

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Question 11

what does chronic stress alter (hint: 2 things)

Answer 11

1. Pathological effects = increase glucose = diabetes
2. increase cardiovascular tone = increase blood pressure = stroke, heart attack

Question 12

what does chronic stress inhibit (3 things)

Answer 12

1. Fertility
2. growth -> i.e. social dwarfism
3. immune system -> immunosuppressin -> impaired pathological resistance

Question 13

what does chronic stress activate

Answer 13

1. CNS -> neural degeneration
2. glucocorticoids level -> lose brain cells
3. glutamate release & excitatory transmission -> exocitotoxicity (lesions but don’t dmaage axons)

Question 14

In humans, what are most stressors

Answer 14

chronic

Question 15

what do adrenal hormones do

Answer 15

orchestrate organismal response to stressors

Question 16

where are adrenal glands located

Answer 16

sit on top of the kidneys

Question 17

what are adrenal glands composed of

Answer 17

medela and cortex

Question 18

at does the medela do

Answer 18

releases catacholamines that mediate response to acute stressors
they are innervated so the nerves go directly to the medela

Question 19

what is the cortex subdivided into

Answer 19

1. Zona fasciculata
2. Zona Glomerulosa
3. Zona Reticularis

Question 20

zona fasciculata function

Answer 20

releases corticosterone and cortisol
mediate loong term reponses to stressors
release glucocorticoids
corticosterone and cortisol both bind to similar receports

Question 21

zona glomerulosa function

Answer 21

releases aldostermes that has effects of kindey -> increases salt reuptake = increase blood pressure

Question 22

zona reticularis

Answer 22

releases DHEA

Question 23

2 adrenomedullary hormones and where they are derived from

Answer 23

monoamines (single aa)
catecholamines (tyrosine)

Question 24

3 types of catecholamines and where they bind to

Answer 24

epinepherene & norepineprhine -> released in blood
dopmaine -> bind to adregeneric receptors
beta agonists -> beta androgeneric receptors

Question 25

HPA axis pathway

Answer 25

HYpothalamus -> CRH -> anterior pituitary -> ACTH -> adrenal cortex -> CORT -| hypothalamus

Question 26

where do all adrenal hormones come form

Answer 26

cholesterol

Question 27

what area of the brain does stress directly affect

Answer 27

hippocampus

Question 28

what does hippocampus do in response to stress

Answer 28

negative feedback to PVN which has plenty of GR

Question 29

what kind of stress is hippocampus sensitive to and how so

Answer 29

chronic stress -> lots of GR and MR -> show damage and cell loss in resposne to glucocorticoids - dendritic atrophy of pyramidal cells -> cell loss -> both respond to glucocorticoids

Question 30

what is atrophy

Answer 30

loss of neurons in specific areas

Question 31

what causes atrophy in the hippocampus

Answer 31

chronic stress

Question 32

what happpens to dendrites in the amygdala during chronic stress

Answer 32

they grow -> emotional proccessing

Question 33

what happens with prlonged high GC levels

Answer 33

neurons vulnerable to overstimualtion and death

Question 34

hat happens to GC levels with hippocampal damage

Answer 34

they increase

Question 35

hippocampal damage =

Answer 35

decreased inhibition PVN = increase CRH = increase cortisol = increased hippocampal damage (full circle)

Question 36

steroids

Answer 36

lipid soluble hormones that usecarrier protiens to travel throug hte blood

Question 37

Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

Answer 37

corticoids bind here (1CBG:1glucocorticoid)

Question 38

Types of IMmunity

Answer 38

non specific and specific

Question 39

non specific immunity

Answer 39

innate, rapid first line of defense, macrophages destroys anything non self

Question 40

specific immunity

Answer 40

adaptive, aquired resposne, Te cells

Question 41

2 types of lymphcytes and location

Answer 41

B cells (bone marrow) T cells(thymus -> migrated from bone marow)

Question 42

B cells function

Answer 42

make antibodies and antigens

Question 43

T- Cells fucntion

Answer 43

cell mediated immunity attack pathogens directly

Question 44

antibodies

Answer 44

Y shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens and bind and mark them

Question 45

antigens

Answer 45

protiens on cells, viruses, antibodies bind to them

Question 46

Cytokines

Answer 46

hormones produced by immune cells during infection

Question 47

cytokines characteristics

Answer 47

produced by leukocytes combat infection and inform brina cross BBB stimulate release of prostaglandins act in hypothalamus

Question 48

function of prostaglandins

Answer 48

produce fever, sleepiness, conserve energy

Question 49

2 steroid hormone recepotrs

Answer 49

intracellular membrnae bound

Question 50

2 intracellular hormone receptors

Answer 50

1. glucocorticoid receptors (GR) 2. Mineralcorticoid recepotr (MR)

Question 51

what are intracellular hormone receptors

Answer 51

transcirption factors

Question 52

do intracellular HRs do

Answer 52

regulate gene exrpression dimerize with another receptor bound to steroid -> move to nucleus and act as hormone response outlet (1 receptor : 1 molecule)

Question 53

GR

Answer 53

lowers affinity for glucocortcoids - note stressed = unoccuped high stress = occupied

Question 54

MR

Answer 54

high affinity, mostly always occupied even at basal levels binds glucocorticoids

Question 55

3 domains of itracellular hormone recepots

Answer 55

Niterminal, C-terminal, central

Question 56

membrane bound HR

Answer 56

fast acting, rapid effects