Stress & Adaptation

Question 1

Fight or Flight

Answer 1

response from SANS that prepares the body to fight off the stressor or run away from it.

Question 2

Coping Mechanism

Answer 2

conscious or unconscious behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety

Question 3

Defense mechanism
What is its primary function? How can it become a problem?

Answer 3

Unconscious reactors to stress

• Function: protect person’s self estem (if used excessively, can distort reality/create problems

Question 4

Psychological Homeostasis

Answer 4

well-being relies on meeting fundamental psychological needs, like feeling loved, a sense of belonging, safe and secure, have self-esteem.

Question 5

Physiologic homeostasis

Answer 5

the body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Question 6

Compare stress, stressors, and adaptation. Provide an example (if applicable)

Answer 6

Stress:

• condition when the human system responds to change in its normal balanced state
  -> Each person’s perception and responses to stress are structured by culture, family, genetic inheritance and life experiences

Stressors:

• anything that is perceived as challenging, threatening or demanding
  -> Example: Physiologic & Psychosocial

Adaptation:

• the change that takes place as a result of a stressor; process of change (a threat to your safety, coping response occurs)

Question 7

What are examples of physiologic stressors?

Answer 7

C PINGH

• Chemical agents
• physical agents
• infectious agents
• nutritional imbalances
• genetic or immune disorders
• hypoxia

Question 8

Psychosocial stressors

Answer 8

Include real or perceived threats

Question 9

How does stress contribute to disease?

Answer 9

Stress disrupts normal body functions: - W BIID

• Weakens Immunity
• Behavioral changes
• Increases BP
• Increased Lipids
• Disrupts Hormones

Question 10

______ __ of stress can lead to disease process

Answer 10

Prolonged periods

Question 11

Select all that apply: What body systems are involved in physiologic homeostasis?

Autonomic Nervous System
Endocrine System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Gastrointestinal
Renal System
Reproductive System

Answer 11

Autonomic Nervous System
Endocrine System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Gastrointestinal
Renal System

Question 12

Local Adaptation System (LAS)

What are 2 types of responses in Local Adapatation System (LAS)?

Answer 12

localized response of the body to stress (one specific body part)

• Reflex Pain Responses
• Inflammatory Reponse

Question 13

What are the two reponses to Local Adaptation System (LAS)? Provide an example for each.

Answer 13

Reflex Pain Response:

• Rapid automatic response of the Central Nervous System to pain
• Ex: when you accidentally touch a hot pan and you pull your hand back instantly

Inflammatory Response:

• Serves to localize and prevent spread of infections; promote wound healing
• Ex: When you cut your finger, you develop inflammatory responses (pain, swelling, heat and redness).

Question 14

General Adapation Syndrome (GAS)

What are the 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndorme (GAS)?

Answer 14

Biochemical model of stress that describes the body’s general response to pain

3 Stages:

• Alarm reaction
• Stage of Resistance
• Stage of Exhaustion

Question 15

What is the Alarm reaction of the General Adaptation Syndrome? What 2 phases make up the alarm reaction? What does each phase entail?

Answer 15

Alarm Reaction:

• stressors initiate mechanisms

2 Phases within Alarm Reaction:

• Shock Phase: Fight or flight response
  -> ↑ Energy levels
  -> ↑ O2 intake
  -> ↑ Cardiac Output
  -> ↑ BP
  -> ↑ Mental Alertness
• Countershock phase: reversal of body changes

Question 16

What is the Stage of Resistance of the General Adaptation Syndrome? What happens if stress in minor? What happens if stress is severe/prolonged?

Answer 16

Stage of Resistance:

• body attempt to adapt to stressor (vital signs return to normal)
• If stress can be manages to small area, the body regains homeostasis
• If the stress is prolonged or strong enough to overwhelm the body; adaptive mechanisms become exhausted

Question 17

What is the Stage of Exhaustion of the General Adaptation Syndrome? What happens to teh body in this stage?

Answer 17

Stage of exhaustion:

• Adaptive mechanisms can no longer provide defense
• Body could either rest and mobilize its defenses to return to normal or reach total exhaustion and die

Question 18

Categorize the following into Effective and Inefficetive Coping Mechanisms:

• Ignoring the stressor
• Journaling
• Smoking
• Laughing
• Limiting relationships
• Using mindfulness/centering exercises
• Withdrawal
• Cursing
• Physical activity
• Taking a deep breath
• Sleeping
• Verbally debriefing with another person
• Drinking
• Engaging in an enjoyable activity as a distraction
• Exercise
• Lack of eye contact

Answer 18

Effective Coping Mechanisms:

• Laughing
• Sleeping
• Physical activity
• Exercise
• Taking a deep breath
• Using practices mindfulness/centering exercises
• Verbally debriefing with another person
• Journaling
• Engaging in an enjoyable activity as a distraction

Ineffective Coping Mechanisms:

• Cursing
• Smoking
• Drinking
• Lack of eye contact
• Ignoring the stressor
• Withdrawal
• Limiting relationships

Question 19

T/F: Crying canonly be an ineffective coping mechanism

Answer 19

False: depending on the situation, crying can either be an effective and ineffective coping mechanism

Question 20

What are examples of a healthy lifestyle that can impact health/homesotasis?

Answer 20

• Exercise
• Sleep
• Nutrition

Question 21

How does the following examples of a healthy lifestyle impact health/homesotasis?

Exercise

Answer 21

Exercise:

• helps maintain physical and emotional health
  -> Improves sense of well being, relieves tension
  -> enables coping with day-to-day stressors

Question 22

How does the following examples of a healthy lifestyle impact health/homesotasis?

Sleep

Answer 22

Sleep:

• Adequate sleep helps body maintain homeostasis and restore energy levels
  -> 7-9 hours of sleep

Question 23

How does the following examples of a healthy lifestyle impact health/homesotasis?

Nutrition

Answer 23

Nutrition:

• Nutrition helps maintain body’s homeostatic mechanisms
• Eat nutrient-dense food
  -> Limit sugars, saturated fat, and alcohol
• Practice portion control
  -> Obesity and Malnutrition are major stressors

Question 24

What are examples of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis?

Answer 24

• Relaxation
• Mindfulness
• Anticipatory Guidance

Question 25

How does the following of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis? **Relaxation**

Answer 25

**Relaxation:** - Promotes reaction opposite to that of fight or flight response -> Decrease: RR, HR, metbolic rates, BP, energy use

Question 26

How does the following of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis? **Mindfullness**

Answer 26

**Mindfulness:** - Intentional presence and focus on the moment, supported by curiosity, openness, and acceptance without judgment

Question 27

How does the following of stress management techniques that can impact health/homeostasis? **Anticpatory Guidance**

Answer 27

**Anticipatory Guidance:** - Psychologically perparing a person for an unfamiliar or painful event -> Reduction an anxiety -> More effective coping mechanisms

Question 28

What are support systems? How do support systems impact homeostasis/health? Provide examples of support system.

Answer 28

Provide emotional support that helps a person identify and verbalize feelings associated with stress - Family - Friends - Therapist - Groups

Question 29

Crisis Intervention

Answer 29

Short-term management technique focused on reducing reducing damage to an individual or group affect by a crisis, often a mental or medical health emergency

Question 30

What are the 3 types of crisis?

Answer 30

- Maturational - Situational - Adventitious

Question 31

What is a maturational crisis? Provide an example

Answer 31

- Occurs during development events that requires a role change -> ex: going from grade school to high school

Question 32

What is a situational crisis? Provide examples.

Answer 32

- LIfe disrupts psyhologica equilibrium -> Loss of job -> Loss of faily memebr -> Loss of limb

Question 33

What is an adventitious crisis? Provide examples.

Answer 33

- Accidental or unexpected events (include community not individual) -> Multiple losses -> Flood -> Fire

Question 34

What is the framework for individual crisis intervention?

Answer 34

SAFER-R Model

Question 35

What does each letter of the SAFER-R model stand for?

Answer 35

- **Stabilization:** Introduce yourself & establish role - **Acknowledgement:** Acknowledge the event and reaction of the individual - **Facilitation of understanding:** Paraphrase and reflect back to the individual what they are experiencing - **Encourage effective coping:** Tap into their existing coping tools and resources and identify external sources of support to facilitate coping - **Recovery:** Assess and establish the person’s ability to function safely - **Referral:** Make referrals as needed

Question 36

What is the most common response to stress?

Answer 36

Anxiety

Question 37

What are the four types of anxiety responses?

Answer 37

- Mild Anxiety - Moderate Anxiety - Severe Anxiety - Panic

Question 38

Describe the following anxiety repsonse: **Mild Anxiety** (Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)

Answer 38

**Perceptual Field:** - Increased alertness and increases perceptual field **Cognitive/Learning:** Can be postive - Facilitate problem solving - Motivates learning **Emotional State:** - X **Physical Manifestations:** - Interfere with sleep -> Restlessness - Increased questioning **MISC:** - Present in day-to-day living

Question 39

Describe the following anxiety repsonse: **Moderate Anxiety** (Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)

Answer 39

**Perceptual Field:** - Narrow focus -> Focus on immediate concerns -> Missess small details **Cognitive/Learning:** - X **Emotional State:** - Feeling of unease -> "Butterflies" **Physical Manifestations:** - Quavering voice - Tremors **MISC:** - X

Question 40

Describe the following anxiety repsonse: **Severe Anxiety** (Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)

Answer 40

**Perceptual Field:** - Very Narrow focus -> Focus on special detail **Cognitive/Learning:** - Impaired learning disability -> Easily distracted **Emotional State:** Maladaptive behavior - Extreme fear of unreal danger - Emotional distress **Physical Manifestations:** - Increased motor activity - Fearful facial expression **MISC:** - Behavior aimed at seeking relief - can signal anxiety disorder

Question 41

Describe the following anxiety repsonse: **Panic** (Perceptual Field, Cognitive/Learning, Emotional State, Physical Manifestations, MISC)

Answer 41

**Perceptual Field:** - Distorted, disorganized perception of events **Cognitive/Learning:** - Unable to learn - Loss of rational thought **Emotional State:** - Dread and terror - Impending doom **Physical Manifestations:** - Poor motor control - Choking sensation - Chest pain/pressure **MISC:** - Exaustion and potential death

Question 42

**Task Orientated Reactions**

Answer 42

coping mechanisms often used at higher levels of anxiety (moderate, severe, panic)

Question 43

What are the 3 types of task oriented reactions?

Answer 43

**WAC** - Withdrawal Behavior - Attack Behavior - Compromise Behavior

Question 44

Describe the following task oriented reactions: **Atack Behavior** (Primary Action/Goal, Nature of Behavior)

Answer 44

**Primary Action/Goal:** - Attempt to overcome obstacles to satisfy need **Nature of Behavior:** - Contructive or Destructive

Question 45

Describe the following task oriented reactions: **Withdrawal Behavior** (Primary Action/Goal, Nature of Behavior)

Answer 45

**Primary Action/Goal:** - Physical withdrawal from threat/emotional reactions **Nature of Behavior:** - Involve admitting defeat - Becoming apathetic - Feeling guilty/isolated

Question 46

Describe the following task oriented reactions: **Compromise Behavior** (Primary Action/Goal, Nature of Behavior)

Answer 46

**Primary Action/Goal:** - Substitution of goals/negotiation to partially fullfill needs **Nature of Behavior:** - Generally Constructive

Question 47

What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive? Assertively stating one's needs to resolve a conflict

Answer 47

- Attack Behavior - Contructive

Question 48

What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive? Yelling at someone or becoming physically aggressive when demands are not met

Answer 48

- Attack Behavior - Destructive

Question 49

What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive? Seeking temporary solitude to regain composure before addressing a stressful issue

Answer 49

- Withdrawal Behavior - Contructive

Question 50

What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive? Completely avoiding a person or situation causing stress, even if it has negative consequences

Answer 50

- Withdrawal Behavior - Destructive

Question 51

What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive? Negotiating a different deadline for a project when the original is unrealistic

Answer 51

- Compromise Behavior - Constructive

Question 52

What task oriented raction is being described? Is it contructive of destructive? Accepting a less desirable outcome or a different approach to resolve a disagreement

Answer 52

- Compromise Behavior - Destructive