Stress and Coping

Question 1

necessary changes that must occur to achieve the characteristic stability of homeostasis

Answer 1

allostasis

Question 2

the body’s general, nonspecific response to the demands placed on it by the stressor. Not all stress is bad, some can help an individual achieve desired goals or exceed self-imposed limitations.

Answer 2

Stress

Question 3

good stress associated with accomplishment and victory

Answer 3

eustress

Question 4

stress that is associated with inadequacy, insecurity, and loss

Answer 4

distress

Question 5

any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress

Answer 5

stressor

Question 6

dynamic process through which an individual applies cognitive and behavioral measures to handle internal and external demands that are perceived by the individual as exceeding their available resources

Answer 6

coping strategies/responses/mechanisms

Question 7

Stress is defined as a stimulus, a life event, or a set of circumstances that arouses physiological and/or psychological reactions that may increase the individual’s vulnerability to illness.

Answer 7

Stimulus-Based Stress Models

Question 8

the _____ of stressful life situations is used to document a person’s relatively recent experiences, such as divorce, pregnancy, and retirement. Both positive and negative events are considered stressful. Use cautiously, as each individual responds differently to different stressors.

Answer 8

Scale

Question 9

the nonspecific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it

Answer 9

Response Based Stress Model

Question 10

can be observed only by the changes it produces in the body

Answer 10

Stress

Question 11

by a chain or pattern of physiological events. this occurs with the release of certain adaptive hormones and subsequent changes in the structure and chemical composition of the body.

Answer 11

General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 12

Parts of the body particularly affected by stress are the gastrointestinal tract, the adrenal glands, and lymphatic structures. Prolonged stress, deep ulcers appear in the lining of the stomach, the adrenal glands enlarge considerably, and the lymphatic structures (such as the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) atrophy.

Answer 12

Effect on the body

Question 13

one organ or part of the body acts alone in response to stressors. An example; inflammation

Answer 13

Local adaptation syndrome

Question 14

alerts the body’s defenses

Answer 14

Alarm Reaction

Question 15

apart of the LAS and GAS stages: stress is perceived consciously or unconsciously by the person. Stressors stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates the hypothalamus. This stimulates the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone, which will stimulate the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. This stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine. the entirety of these responses allows the body to perform far more strenuous physical activity than otherwise possible. Lasts 1 minute to 24 hours.

Answer 15

Shock Phase / “fight or flight”

Question 16

increased myocardial contractility (increases cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles). Bronchodilation (allows increased O2 intake), Increased blood clotting (in the event of traumatic blood loss), increased cellular metabolism, and increased fat mobilization (make available energy and synthesizes other components needed by the body.)

Answer 16

epinephrine response

Question 17

decrease blood flow to the kidneys and increase secretion of rennin. the eventual result is an increase in blood pressure by constricting arterioles.

Answer 17

norepinehrine response

Question 18

one of the LAS and GAS stages; the changes produced during the shock phase are reversed.

Answer 18

countershock phase

Question 19

one of the LAS and GAS stages; when the body’s adaptation takes place. The body attempts to cope with the stressor and limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it.

Answer 19

resistance stage

Question 20

one of the LAS and GAS stages; the adaptation made in stage two, cannot be maintained. However the body managed to cope with the stressor has now been exhausted. If the stressor has not been eliminated prior to this stage, it may begin to spread to the entire body. the body must either rest and return to normal or die. the length of this stage and its eventual end are dependent on adaptive energy resources, the severity of the stressor, and the external adaptive resources (Oxygen).

Answer 20

exhausation stage

Question 21

any factor that produces stress and disturbs the body’ equilibrium

Answer 21

stressor

Question 22

can be observed only by the changes it produces in the body

Answer 22

stress

Question 23

A set of cognitive, affective, and adaptive (coping) responses that arise out of person-environment transactions. The person and environment are inseparable, each affects and is affected by the other. The nurse must consider the person as an community, culture and environment.

Answer 23

Transaction - Based Stress Models

Question 24

The relationship between the nurse, the client, and the environment in which they interact. The emphasis is on the relationship among stress, the client, the nurse, and both the internal and external environment. This model emphasizes interpersonal relationship with the client with the intent of decreasing the client’s anxiety and increased or improving the client’s coping resources.

Answer 24

Nursing Transaction Model

Question 25

any event in which environmental demands, internal demands, or both tax or exceed the adaptive resources of an individual, social system, or tissue system. The individual then responds to perceived environmental changes by adaptive or coping resources.

Answer 25

Stress

Question 26

key factor in the person’s ability to cope with stressors. As the person experiences exposure to the stressor, they appraise the stressor (mentally sorts, assesses, categorizes, evaluates, and frames the significance of an event or stressor with respect to their well being.)

Answer 26

cognitive appraisal

Question 27

evaluation of the transaction, which is the event or circumstance, in terms of its potential to harm, benefit, threaten or challenge the individual.

Answer 27

Primary appraisal

Question 28

appraised as having no meaningful effect on the individual or his circumstance, and are disregarded

Answer 28

irrevelant

Question 29

are demands for change that are perceived as preserving or enhancing well-being.

Answer 29

benin - positive

Question 30

viewed as harmful, threatening, or disturbing.

Answer 30

stressful

Question 31

the individual attempts to predict the impact, intensity, and duration of the coping behavior necessary to respond to the stressor. There is an evaluation of the individuals available coping resources and potential options for responding to the event or circumstance.

Answer 31

secondary appraisal

Question 32

application of available coping (apart of secondary appraisal)

Answer 32

coping

Question 33

ongoing evaluation and reinterpretation of the vent of circumstance, as well as continued evaluation of the efficacy of the individual’s coping strategies. Adaptation incorporates all processes emplyed by an organism in response to stress in attempt to survive and thrive.

Answer 33

Reappraisal and Adaptation

Question 34

originate within a person and can be physical, spiritual, cognitive, emotional, and psychological well being of an individual and depends on the satisfaction of these human needs. (Feelings of depression, infections and emotions)

Answer 34

Internal stressors

Question 35

originate outside of the individual (moving to another place, death in the family, or pressure from peers, natural disasters..

Answer 35

external stressors

Question 36

challenges faced by each individual when progressing through the life span.

Answer 36

Developmental Stressor

Question 37

stressors such as beginning school, establishing peer relationships, peer competition.

Answer 37

children

Question 38

stressors such as changing physique, relationships involving sexual attraction, exploring independence, choose a career.

Answer 38

adolescent

Question 39

stressors such as marriage, leaving home, managing a home, getting started in an occupation, continuing one’s education, and children

Answer 39

young adults

Question 40

stressors such as physical changes from aging, maintaining social status and standard of living, helping teenage children to become independent, aging parents

Answer 40

middle adults

Question 41

stressors such as decreasing physical abilities and health, changes in residence, retirement and reduced income, death of a spouse and friends.

Answer 41

older adults

Question 42

are unpredictable and may occur at any time during the life (death of a family member, marriage/divorce, birth of a child, new job, illness)

Answer 42

situational stressors

Question 43

directly triggers the stress response without any necessary recognition from the individual of the situation being stressful. (ex: extreme temperatures, caffeine, nicotine)

Answer 43

biogenic stressors

Question 44

environmental events (real or imagined), does not directly trigger stress response, but instead depends on how the individual views the stressor.

Answer 44

Psychological stressors

Question 45

stresses like roller-coaster rides, nursing licensure exam

Answer 45

acute and time limited

Question 46

stressors like losing a job and subsequently filing for bankruptcy

Answer 46

sequential events following initial stressor

Question 47

stressor like a strained relationship with in-laws, shared caretaking for an elderly parent

Answer 47

chronic intermittent

Question 48

stressors like paralysis, and disability

Answer 48

chronic permanent

Question 49

stressors such as living, caring for children, pets, work, paying bills, traffic, and neighbors

Answer 49

daily stressors

Question 50

dealing with change (successfully or unsuccessfully)

Answer 50

coping

Question 51

natural or learned way of responding to a changing environment or specific problem or situation. The cognitive and behavioral effort to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person. They vary among individuals and are related to the perception of the stressful occurrence. Three approaches to coping with stress are to alter the stressor, adapt to the stressor, or avoid the stressor. A person may change their coping strategy based on the reappraisal of the situation. A person’s coping measures depend on many factors including; the number, duration and intensity of the stressors, past experiences, support systems, and personal qualities of the person.

Answer 51

coping strategies/mechanisms

Question 52

efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking some action

Answer 52

problem-focused coping

Question 53

includes thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress. This does not improve the situation, but the person often feels better

Answer 53

emotion-focused coping

Question 54

can be constructive and practical. (ex: talking to others, and trying to find out more about the situation; change of lifestyle patterns, balancing leisure time with working, or using problem solving in decision making instead of anger or other nonproductive strategies.)

Answer 54

long term coping strategies

Question 55

can reduce stress to a tolerable limit temporarily, but are ineffective ways to permanently deal with reality. They may be destructive or detrimental to the person. (Ex: alcohol and drug use, daydreaming and fantasizing, relying on the belief that everything will work out, and giving in to others to avoid anger.)

Answer 55

short term coping strategies

Question 56

helps the person to deal effectively with stressful events and minimizes distress associated with them. results in adaptation.

Answer 56

adapative-effective coping

Question 57

result in unneccessary distress for the person and other associated with the person or stressful event.

Answer 57

maladaptive/ineffective coping

Question 58

used both behaviors and cognitive processes to avoid the stressor.

Answer 58

avoidance coping

Question 59

confronting and trying to change the stressor by taking direct action

Answer 59

approach coping

Question 60

involves reevaluation to reduce the appraisal of a threat.

Answer 60

meaning-focused coping