Stress, Coping, Pain, Children, Communication, psychotherapy, children Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are some of the impacts of stress of mental health?
What theory is linked to depression, aniexty, low motivation and a downward spiral of illness?
Overgenalisation
Catastrophising
Personalisation (all your fault)
Rumination- worry focusing on bad feelings and experiences from the past
Sleep deprivation, aniexty, and depression
Lack of control and learnt helplessness- dogs shocks, know cant do it, didnt even give it a go just go shocked
What are the positive and negatives surrounding the physiological response of stress
Used for survival, low levels push performance
Modern day life lead to exhaustion- daily hassles and chronic stressors, linked to increased risk of cardiac death, cortisol- decreased immune system, coping methods e.g. Binge is unhealthy behaviours. Physical- increased Bp- atherosclerosis
What is the tranasactional model of stress?
The demands (stressors)- life events, daily hassles, chronic stressors (illness) and resources (personality, social support, coping skills)
Are weighed up in a process of appraisal…
Primary- threat? Severity? Secondary- resources do in have?
To give or not to give a stress response
What is the process of reappraisal?
Once tried cope with situation, situation is re-evaluated. Whether next time can be less or more stressed
What are some of the symptoms of stress?
- headaches
- mood changes
- sweating
- sexual problems
- stomach/ change in bowel habitis
What are some of the strategies to cope with stress and give an example?
Cognitive testing- hypothesis testing
Behavioural- skills training e.g. Time management
Emotional- emotional disclosure, social support
Physical- exercise, relaxation training
Non- cognitive strategies- drugs
What is coping
Finding ways to mange events/ experiences that are appraised as threats or demands, that exceed a person’s available resources. So as to avoid stress (transactional model)
Give some examples of what patients have to cope with…illness and otherwise in their lives
Diagnosis, physical impact, treatment, hospitalisation, adjustment, social problems (money, housing, relationship)
Family (bearavement, marriage, preggers)
Work place (retirement, rise), financial
What are the two main ways to deal threat (cope) in the short term?
Emotional focused coping (changing the emotion)- passive decreasing the effect of the situation in you
- behavioural- find a distraction- smoking, alcohol
- cognitive- change how you think denial, focus on +ve of situation
Problem focusing coping (change problem or resources) active
Reduce demands and expand resources to cope- buy a mobility chair
What are four main ways to help a patient cope in the LONG TERM?
Increase social support
Increase patient control- pain management
Reduce uncertainty
Stress management techniques (see other card)
Patients may not admit they arent coping dont want to seem wingy, avoid stigma, feeling of inadquacy and a burden
Why is important to help patients with chronic illnesses cope with their condition/ conditions?
There is a high incidence of depression with chronic illnesses
What is the definition of pain? And what is the difference between acute and chronic pain?
A unpleasant sensory or emotional experience that is assosicated with actual or potential tissue damage or is described in terms of such damage
Acute- short, attention, there for as long as healing, action to take
Chronic- >3 months, no-ongoing damage,
What is the gate control theory of pain?
Messages between the brain and damaged tissue or nerve messages pass through gates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Things that open and close the gates. Open cause pain. Close stop pain. Psychological factors included so
Open- injury, sensitivity, -ve beliefs, minimal involvement in life, fear, aneixty, secondary gains sympathy- operant conditioning. Classical conditioning- sight of doctor fear
Close: medication, active, meaning (soldiers), distraction, exercise, counter stimulation
What are limitations of the gate control theory of pain?
There is little structural evidence to support
What is the bio-medical model of pain? And what is its limitation?
Tissue damage leads to pain (not psychological application)
Limitations
Some people feel pain without damage, or after healing, placebo effect, amputees experiencing pain
What are the principles and aims of pain management programmes?
Helping patient take control of pain, rather than being pain in control, it is not about cure. So focusing on the physical and psychological wellbeing rather than the disease/ tissue damage
- improve fitness, address fears, help relax, mindfulness, group all in same boat, improve communication skills
What is pschotherapy?
The systematic use of a relationship between and patient and a therapist to produce changes in feelings, cognition and behaviour.
The type you use depends on the problem and the individal
What are the four psychological interventions currently used?
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Psychoanalystic/psychodynamic therapies
Systemic and family therapy
Humanistic/ client- centred therapy
What CBT/ what does involve?
Changing the way a you perceive/ or act towards a stressor
relieving symptoms but tackling current problems and modifying dysfunctional thinking, beliefs and behaviour. Uses a mixture of behavioural and cognitive principles. Aims to faulty change thoughts around a irrational though such as stress
It involves an active approach so exposing patient gradually, role play, reinforcement and reward
Look at negative thoughts, talk to patients about models, cognitive rehearsal of coping with difficult situations, hypothesis testing, monitoring of thoughts, behaviours
Who is CBT suitable for?
People irrational -Depression, aneixty, phobias, eating disorders, schizophrenia
The person must engage collaboratively, accept model, have goals and want to see solutions (contemplation or preparation phases)
Cant change stimulus
What are the limitations of CBT?
Evidence there not for the extremes of people evidence limited
Has to be delivered by expert practitioners which is a challenge for GP
Limited good if problem complex and loads
What is the ideology behind psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapies?
Addressing unconscious conflicts and aims to resolve previous painful experiences. So looking in the past to make deep seated changes in personality and emotional development
Searching in unconscious mind
What does psychoanalytic/psychodynamic involve?
It is a long term commitment, feelings are explored in a safe, non judgemental environment,
Free association- talking about whatever comes to your head
Therapeutic transference- transfer thoughts, feelings connected with influential figures in your life (mum) onto your therapist
Interpretation- the therapist is passive mostly but interrupts with thoughts of topics to discuss around what has been said
Who is psychoanalytic/psychodynamic suitable for? What must they must be for it to work?
People with interpersonal/ personality problems
Person must be capable to experience mental pain (looking into past) and be interested in self exploration, good relationship with therapist, time,
