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Med Sci 2 - theme 2 > Stroke > Flashcards

Flashcards in Stroke Deck (23)
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1
Q

What is a CVA?

A

Acute neurological damage that lasts longer than 24 hours

Disruption of blood supply causing damage to brain tissue

2
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke, and what percentage of strokes are ischaemic

A

It is a stroke caused by a blockage in the blood vessel

85%

3
Q

What is an haemorrhagic stroke, and what percentage of strokes are haemorrhagic

A

Bleed in or around the brain. Or on the surface

15%

4
Q

What does TIA stand for

A

Transient ischaemic attack

5
Q

Name some demographics of stroke

A
152,000 per year
115-150/100,000 population 
13/100,000 children 
400 children strokes per year 
1.2 million stroke survivors today
6
Q

What is the incidence of dysphagia in stroke cases

A

40-78% cases
76% of those with initial dysphagia will remain moderate/severe
15% profound

7
Q

What Is the incidence of aphasia in stroke patients

A

1/3 stroke survivors

30-43% remain affected long term

8
Q

What is a cerebral thrombosis

A

An artery blocked in the cerebral vascular system

9
Q

What is a cerebral embolism

A

A clot formed in Another part of the body which travels to the cerebral vascular system becoming lodged

10
Q

Name 4 other possible aetiologies that could cause an ischaemic stroke

A

Atherosclerosis- plaque build up on inside of artery walls
Small vessel disease- they become blocked
Heart conditions- more susceptible to clots
Arterial dissection- tears develop in lining of artery

11
Q

Ischaemic stroke risk factors

A
Smoking 
High blood pressure 
High cholesterol 
Obesity 
Alcohol
Diabetes
12
Q

Haemorrhagic stroke aetiologies

A
  • hypertension -50%
  • cerebral amyloid angiopathy - amyloid protein builds up in blood vessels making them more likely to tear
  • aneurysm- weak spot, walls become thin
  • anti coagulant meds- prevent clotting
13
Q

Risk factors for a haemorrhagic stroke

A
  • Illegal drugs such as cocaine which irritates the blood vessel walls
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Stress as this raises blood pressure
14
Q

How would medical professionals make a clinical diagnosis of a stroke

A

Rule out other conditions such as migraines, epilepsy, dementia, TIA

15
Q

What are the 4 categories of the oxford stroke classification

A
  • Total anterior circulation syndrome (TACS)
  • partial anterior circulation syndrome(PACS)
  • Posterior circulation syndrome (POCS)
  • lacunar syndrome (LACS)
16
Q

What is required to be diagnosed with Total anterior circulation syndrome (TACS)

A

3 of the following

  • higher dysfunction (eg Aphasia or decreased consciousness)
  • homogeneous hemianopia (visual field loss)
  • motor and sensory defects (2/3 face arm, leg)
17
Q

What is required to be diagnosed with PACS

A

2 of the following

  • higher dysfunction (eg Aphasia or decreased consciousness)
  • homogeneous hemianopia (visual field loss)
  • motor and sensory defects (2/3 face arm, leg)
18
Q

What is required to be diagnosed with POCS

A

1 of the following

  • cerebellar or brainstem syndrome
  • loss of consciousness
  • isolated homonymous hemianopia
19
Q

What’s required to be diagnosed with LACS

A
-subcortical stroke
1 of the following 
- unilateral weakness 
-pure sensory stroke
-ataxic hemiparesis
20
Q

Ischaemic treatment

A

Within 3 hours
Intravenous thromboblysis ( clot buster)
Intra arterial clot extraction
Aspirin daily

21
Q

Haemorrhagic treatment

A

Blood pressure and haemorrhage monitored and controlled

Sent for brain imaging

22
Q

How do you prevent re occurance

A
  • lifestyle modification eg smoking, diet
    -blood pressure reduction
    (ACE inhibitors or beta blockers)
  • anti thrombotic treatment - eg aspirin
  • lipid lowering - statins
23
Q

Models for therapy care

A

Paternalistic- patient gives consent
Professional as agent- patient input but clinician makes final decision.
Informed decision -
Decision is entirely down to the patient when they have been fully informed
Shared decision-
Clinician and patient reach consensus