Stroke (week 4) - anatomy and physiology

Question 1

what is the inner covering of the brain and spinal cord called and what is it composed of

Answer 1

meninges.
dura, arachnoid, pia.

Question 2

enlargements in spinal cord?

Answer 2

cervical and lumbar enlargement of spinal cord

Question 3

features of meninges layers in cranium

Answer 3

dura and periosteum one functional layer
subdural space between dura and arachnoid
pia transparent and adheres to outer surface of brain

Question 4

dura important inward extentions

Answer 4

falx cerebri (between two hemispheres of cerebrum)
falx cerebelli (between two hemispheres of cerebellum)
tentorium cerebelli (separates cerebellum from cerebrum)

Question 5

what is the gap between the periosteum and the dura between the two cerebral hemispheres called?

Answer 5

superior sagittal sinus.

Question 6

spaces between meninges layers

Answer 6

epidural space
subdural space
subarachnoid space

Question 7

what does pia matter form past the spinal cord

Answer 7

filum terminale

Question 8

fluid cushioning brain and spinal cord?

Answer 8

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 9

cushioning fluid function

Answer 9

protect
brain monitors changes eg CO2 content in CSF triggering homeostatic responses regulating overall body CO2 content

Question 10

where is cerebrospinal fluid found

Answer 10

subarachnoid space
withing cavities and canals of brain and spinal cord

Question 11

what is the cerebral cortex composed of

Answer 11

grey matter

Question 12

5 lobes of cerebral cortex

Answer 12

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

Question 13

name of bumps in cerebral cortex

Answer 13

gyrus

Question 14

shallow grooves in cerebral cortex

Answer 14

sulci

Question 15

deep grooves which divide cerebral hemisphere into lobes

Answer 15

fissures

Question 16

fissure dividing cerebrum into two hemispheres

Answer 16

longitudinal fissure

Question 17

groove between frontal and parietal lobe

Answer 17

central sulcus

Question 18

groove between temporal lobe and frontal/parietal lobes

Answer 18

lateral fissure

Question 19

groove separating occipital lobe from parietal lobe

Answer 19

parietooccipital sulcus

Question 20

which tracts extend between hemispheres? what structure do they compose?

Answer 20

commissural tracts. corpus callosum.

Question 21

which tracts are extensions of the ascending (sensory) spinothalamic tracts and descending (motor) corticospinal tracts

Answer 21

projection tracts

Question 22

which tracts extend between convolutions in the same hemisphere

Answer 22

association tracts

Question 23

what are islands of grey matter deep within white matter in the cerebrum called

Answer 23

basal nuclei

Question 24

pathophysiology of parkinsons

Answer 24

neurons from substantia nigra to basal nuclei degenerate, less dopamine released. excitatory effects of acetylcholine not restrained, excess of signals affecting certain voluntary muscles results in tremors of head and limbs

Question 25

three basal nuclei

Answer 25

caudate nucleus - curving tail lentiform - lens like shape amygdaloid nucleus - also called amygdala

Question 26

what is the concept that localization of function varies from person to person and even at times when individuals sustain brain damage

Answer 26

cerebral plasticity

Question 27

where is the primary somatic sensory area located

Answer 27

postcentral gyrus

Question 28

where is the primary somatic motor area located

Answer 28

precentral gyrus

Question 29

which network of neurons regulates consciousness

Answer 29

reticular activating system

Question 30

which hemisphere is used for speech in most of the population

Answer 30

left

Question 31

which system controls emotions

Answer 31

limbic system

Question 32

which parts of the cerebral cortex are involved in memory

Answer 32

temporal, parietal, occipital lobes

Question 33

artery passing through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

Answer 33

vertebral artery

Question 34

large artery in neck? what does this split into?

Answer 34

common carotid artery (right and left) splits into internal and external branches

Question 35

branches of external carotid artery?

Answer 35

lingual artery facial artery occipital artery maxillary artery superficial temporal artery

Question 36

what do the vertebral arteries join to form

Answer 36

basilar artery

Question 37

what does the interior carotid artery split into

Answer 37

posterior (also basilar), middle, anterior cerebral artery.