Structural Anatomy Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Neuroscience
A
study of nervous system
2
Q
Behavioural neuroscience
A
study of the nervous system as it relates to behaviour
3
Q
Cognitive neuroscience
A
the study of how cognitive processes occur in the brain, often through the lens of academic research
4
Q
Neuropsychology
A
study of the brain in functional and dysfunctional states, often through a clinical lens
5
Q
What two components make up the vertebrate nervous system?
A
- The peripheral nervous system
- The central nervous system
6
Q
2 further branches of the PNS
1. Peripheral Nervous System
A
- The somatic NS
- The autonomic NS
7
Q
The somatic nervous system (SNS) - interacts with…
- Peripheral Nervous System
A
the external environment
8
Q
- Peripheral Nervous System
A
9
Q
What 2 types of nerves does the somatic nervous system (SNS) have?
- Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals IN from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, etc into the CNS
- Efferent nerves: carry motor signals from the CNS OUT to the skeletal muscles
OVERALL:
* Afferent = arrive (bringing information in)
* Efferent = exit (putting information out)
10
Q
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) - interacts with…
- Peripheral Nervous System
A
the internal environment
11
Q
What 2 types of nerves does the somatic nervous system (SNS) have?
- Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals IN from the internal organs to the CNS
- Efferent nerves: carry motor signals OUT from the CNS to internal organs
OVERALL:
CNS <=> internal organs
12
Q
The efferent nerves of the ANS are of two types:
- Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Sympathetic nerves, which mobilize energy in threatening situations (e.g., via adrenal glands)
- Parasympathetic nerves, which act to conserve energy or “rest and digest” (e.g., stimulate gut motility)
13
Q
The central nervous system is composed into what 2 parts?
A
The CNS is composed of two parts as well:
- Brain
- Spinal cord (not talking about bones of spine)
14
Q
inner H-shaped core of gray matter:
Spinal cord
A
cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
15
Q
surrounding area of white matter:
Spinal cord
A
myelinated axons
16
Q
A cluster of cell bodies is called a…
Basic terminology - CNS
A
…nucleus (plural: nuclei)
17
Q
A bundle of axons is called a…
Basic terminology - CNS
A
…tract
18
Q
A cluster of cell bodies is called a…
Basic terminology - PNS
A
…ganglion
19
Q
A bundle of axons is called a…
Basic terminology - PNS
A
nerve
20
Q
Axons are often called…
A
nerve fibres
21
Q
Gray matter in the brain is composed of…
A
cell bodies + capillary blood vessels
22
Q
White matter in the brain is composed of…
A
myelinated axons
23
Q
DIRECTIONS IN THE NS:
A
- Dorsal
- Caudal
- Ventral
- Rostral
- Anterior
- Posterior
24
Q
Dorsal
(in a 4 legged specimen)
DIRECTIONS IN THE NS:
A
- Towards the top
25
Caudal
| (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards back of head/tail
26
Ventral
| (in a 4 legged specimen)
towards bottom
27
Rostral
| (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards nose/front of head
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Anterior
| (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards front
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Posterior
| (in a 4 legged specimen)
Towards back
30
Directions in the NS - for humans: IN HEAD
1. Dorsal: top of head (superior)
2. Caudal: back of head
3. Ventral: bottom of head (inferior)
4. Rostral: front of head
5. Posterior: back of head
6. Anterior: front of head
31
Rostral
## Footnote
Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
Top of spinal cord (leading to brain)
32
Dorsal
## Footnote
Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
back of spinal cord
33
Caudal
## Footnote
Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
bottom of spinal cord
34
Ventral
## Footnote
Directions in the NS - for humans: SPINAL CORD
front of spinal cord
35
From a coronal section of the brain:
lateral <= medial => lateral
36
Section planes:
* Coronal: hamburger style
* Sagittal: hot dog style
* Horizontal
37
Laterality: 4 types
## Footnote
Laterality
1. Unilateral
2. Bilateral
3. Ipsilateral
4. Contralateral
38
Unilateral
## Footnote
Laterality
on one side only (only one purple square on hand)
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Bilateral
## Footnote
Laterality
on both sides (purple box on each hand)
40
Ipsilateral
## Footnote
Laterality
on the same side (purple box on left hand and left foot)
41
Contralateral
## Footnote
Laterality
on opposite sides (purple box on left hand, and right foot)
42
Divisions of the brain: 18-21 day old human embryo - 3 divisions
* Hindbrain
* Midbrain
* Forebrain
43
Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures
## Footnote
Divisions of the brain
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon
4. Metencephalon
5. Myelencephalon
44
Forebrain =>
| Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures
## Footnote
Divisions of the brain
* Telencephalon
* Diencephalon
45
Midbrain
| Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures
## Footnote
Divisions of the brain
* Mesencephalon
46
Hindbrain
| Before birth, the 3 initial swellings become 5 structures
## Footnote
Divisions of the brain
* Metencephalon
* Myelencephalon: composed largely of tracts (bundle of axons) carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body; HAS LOTS OF MYELIN
47
Metencephalon - made up of what 2 brain structures?
* Pons: houses many fibre tracts and part of reticular formation
* Cerebellum:
* 50% of all neurons in the brain!
* Massively connected to cortex -- multiple cerebro- cerebellar systems
* Involved in movement and timing
48
Mesencephalon (midbrain) - composed of:
the **tectum** (“roof”), which contains nuclei that receive and relay:
* visual information (superior colliculi)
* auditory information (inferior colliculi)
the **tegmentum** (“floor”), which contains nuclei related to:
* motor function (substantia nigra and red nucleus)
* pain (periaqueductal grey)
48
Reticular formation
* midbrain, pons, medulla
* Reticulum means “little net”
* In the myel-, met- and mesencephalon (midbrain + hindbrain)
* Many nuclei that play roles in arousal, attention, cardiac and respiratory reflexes, and other jobs
49
Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
1. Dejerine syndrome
2. Chiari malformation
3. Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia
50
Dejerine syndrome (bilateral medial medullary stroke)
## Footnote
Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
* Respiratory failure
* Paralysis of all four limbs
* Tongue dysfunction
51
Chiari malformation
## Footnote
Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
Compression and distortion of cerebellum due to skull shape
Symptoms
* Headache
* Neck pain
* Coordination issues
* Swallowing issues
52
Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia
## Footnote
Disorders/injuries to the mid- and hindbrain
A rare genetic disorder of pons and cerebellum formation due to a developmental error in axon growth and guidance
Systems affected:
* Hearing
* Gaze
* Swallowing
* Facial movements
* Abnormal gaze
53
Diencephalon - composed of...
* thalamus
* hypothalamus
54
Diencephalon - Thalamus
* 2-lobed structure
* Many different types of nuclei – some process and relay info between receptors and cortex
* Nuclei may be specific to one sense or non-specific and involved in multimodal integration
* Thalamus & cortex are closely connected
55
Thalamo-cortical loops and consciousness
## Footnote
Diencephalon
* Thalamus and cortex are closely connected - important in how we see the world as a unified place
* General anesthetics tend to act upon the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus (as well as other structures)
* Abnormal synchronization in the thalamo-cortical network can cause absence (“ab-sonce”) seizures
56
The hypothalamus
## Footnote
Diencephalon
* Plays an important role in behaviours such as feeding, sex, sleeping, temperature, emotion, and movement
* Acts upon the body’s endocrine (hormone) system via the pituitary gland
57
Telencephalon - how big is it?
the largest divsion of the brain
58
Telencephalon involves which
* Basal ganglia
* Limbic system
* Cerebral cortex
59
Basal Ganglia
## Footnote
Telencephalon
* “Lower knots”
* Collection of nuclei highly connected to cortex, thalamus, and midbrain
* Involved in movement and learning
60
Limbic system - made up of what 2 structures (amongst other structures):
## Footnote
Telencephalon
* Includes (among other structures):
* Hippocampus (“seahorse”) – plays a role in spatial memory
* Amygdala (“almond”) – plays a role in emotion
61
Cerebral cortex - Sulci and Gyrus
## Footnote
Telencephalon
Sulci deep enough to indent the ventricles are also called fissures
* Sulcus: bottom of wrinkle
* Gyrus: top of wrinkle
62
Cerebral cortex - 90% of the human cerebral cortex is...
isocortex (sometimes called neocortex) = 6-layered
63
Cerebral cortex - 10% of the human cerebral cortex is...
* ...allocortex = <6 layers
* Hippocampus, olfactory (piriform) cortex
64
What happens if cells don't migrate normally during development?
## Footnote
Cerebral cortex
* Can lead to condition called **lissencephaly**
65
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by only a few tracts called the ________.
The largest is the _______.
Cerebral commissures, corpus callosum
66
4 cortical lobes
1. Frontal lobe
2. Temporal lobe
3. Occipital lobe
4. Parietal lobe
67
Where does cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) remain?
Ventricles
68
What are the 3 roles of CSF?
1. **Buoyancy**: the brain is suspended in fluid, reducing its effective weight; does not interfere with blood supply or put pressure on lower structures
2. **Protection**: reduces injury upon head impact; if brain does hit skull: hemorrhaging, brain damage, death...
3. **Chemical stability**: CSF flow rinses waste through the blood-brain barrier; maintains appropriate levels of hormones, pH
69
Do we only use 10% of our brains?
NO! All action/cognition requires many structures of the brain, each tending to small roles
