structural organisation in animals Flashcards by yoyo kengoo

epithelial tissue

free surface
compactly packed with little intercellular matrix

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simple epithelium

single layer of cells
lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes

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compound epithelium

two or more layers of cell layers
has protective function

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squamous epithelium

flattened cells with irregular boundaries
formation of diffusion boundaries

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squamous found in

walls of blood vessels
air sacs of lungs

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cuboidal epithelium

cube like cells
secretion and absorption

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cuboidal found in

ducts of glands
tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys

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proximal convulated tubule

cuboidal epithelium has microvilli

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columnar epithelium

tall and slender cells
nuclei located at base
free surface may have microvilli
secretion and absorption

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columnar found in

lining of stomach and small intestine

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ciliated epithelium

cuboidal or columnar epithelium bearing cilia on free surface
move particles and mucus in a specific direction

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ciliated found in

inner surface of hollow organs like
bronchioles
fallopian tubes

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glandular epithelium

unicellular - goblet cells of alimentary canal
multicellular - salivary gland

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exocrine glands

secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes, etc
through ducts and tubes

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endocrine glands

secrete hormones
directly into the fluid bathing the organ

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compound epithelium

multi layered
limited role in secretion and absorption
provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses

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compound found in

dry surface of the skin
moist surface of buccal cavity
pharynx
inner lining of ducts of salivary glands
and in pancreatic ducts

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tight junctions

help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue

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adhering junctions

cementing to keep neighboring cells together

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gap junctions

facilitate cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules, and sometimes big molecules

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connective tissue

except blood, the cells secrete fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin
fibres provide elasticity and flexibility
cells also secrete modified polysaccharides which accumulate between cells and fibres and act as matrix (ground substance)

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loose connective tissue

arranged in semi fluid ground substance
areolar tissue
adipose tissue

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areolar

support framework for epithelium
fibroblasts (cells that produce and secretes fibres)
macrophages
mast cells

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adipose

specialized to store fat

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dense connective tissue

fibres and fibroblasts densely packed

dense regular

tendons (skeletal muscles to bones) ligaments (bones to bones)

dense irregular

present in skin

specialized connective tissue

cartilage bones blood

cartilage

intercellular material is sold and pliable and resists compression chondrocytes

cartilage present in

tip of nose outer ear joints between adjacent bones of the vertebral column, limbs and hands

bones

hard and non pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which giev it strength structural frame to body osteocytes in lacunae

mammal bone

presence of haversian canal

site of production of blood cells

bone marrow

blood

fluid connective tissue plasma RBCs WBCs platelets main circulating fluid

muscle tissue

long, cylindrical fibres arranged parallely myofibrils

skeletal tissue

striated unbranched multinucleate biceps

smooth muscles

fusiform unstriated involuntary uninucleate unbranched wall of internal organs like blood vessels, stomach and intestine

cardiac muscles

branched striated multinucleate heart communication junctions (intercalated discs)

neural tissue

neurons are excitable cells

neuroglea

protect and support neurons make up more than one half of neural tissue in our body

earthworm

pheretima lumbricus

metameres in earthworm

100-120

dorsal surface of earthworm

dark median mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel)

ventral surface of earthworm

genital openings (pores)

anterior end

mouth and peristomium

peristomium

lobe which serves as covering for the mouth and as a wedge to force open cracks in the soil into which the earthworm may crawl sensory in function

peristomium

buccal segment

clitellum

14-16 glandular tissue

spermathecal apertures

5-9 4 pairs on ventro lateral sides of the intersegmental grooves

female genital pore in earthworm

14 single in mid ventral line

male genital pores

18 pair on ventro lateral sides

genital papilae

17, 19 keeps the copulation together during copulation

nephridiopores

minute pores open on surface of body

setae

s-shaped embedded in epidermal pits in middle of each segment (except 1st, last and clitellum) principal role is locomotion

anatomy of earthworm

thin non cellular layer epidermis circular muscle layer longitudinal muscle layer innermost coelomic epithelium

digestive system of earthworm

mouth > buccal cavity > muscular pharynx > small narrow tube oesophagus > muscular gizzard > stomach > intestine > anus

buccal cavity e

1-3

oesophagus e

5-7

gizzard e

8-9

stomach e

9-14

intestine e

15 onwards

intestinal caecae

short and conical 26

typhlosole

internal median fold of dorsal wall after 26 except the last 23-25

hearts in earthworm

5 hearts (aortic arches)

true heart in earthworm

false hearts in earthworm

blood glands in earthworm

4,5,6 produce blood cells and hemoglobin dissolved in plasma

lateral hearts

8 (4 pairs) 2 lateral (7,9) 2 lateral oesophageal (12,13)

subneural vessel

bifurcates and then continues as cominissural vessel

earthworm respiration

through moist body surface into blood stream

nephridia

segmentally arranged coiled tubes

septal nephridia

15-last opens into intestine

integumentary nephridia

3-last open into body surface

pharyngeal nephridia

three paired tufts in 4,5 and 6

excess fluid

coelomic chamber > nephridia > surface in body wall (through pores) > digestive tube

ganglia e

arranged segmentwise on ventral paired nerve cord

nerve ring

nerve cord (3,4) bifurcate, laterally encircling pharynx, joins central ganglia dorsally

testes e

two pairs in 10, 11

vasa differentia e

common prostate and spermatic duct 11-18 join prostatic duct

accessory glands e

17,19 one pair each

spermathecae e

4 pairs 6-9 recieve and store spermatozoa during copulation

pair of ovaries e

intersegmental septum of 12,13 ovarian funnels beneath which continue to oviduct, join together and open on ventral side through female genital pore (14)

spermatophores

packets of sperms

vermicomposting

earthworms friends of framers

structural organisation in animals Flashcards

(84 cards)