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BIOSCI 107 > Structural Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Structural Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six levels of structural Organization of the human body?

A

1.) Chemical
2.) Cellular
3.) Tissue Level
4.) Organ Level
5.) System Level
6.) Organismal Level

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2
Q

Describe the function of the Chemical Level

A

The building blocks of the body. Atoms join to form molecules

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3
Q

Describe the Function of the Cellular level and give an example

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body (approx 200 types) eg Cardiac muscle

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4
Q

Describe function of the tissue level and give an example

A

Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function, eg cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Name the 4 major classes of tissues

A

1.) Epithelial
2.) Connective
3.) Muscle
4.) Nerve

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6
Q

Describe organs and their function and give an example

A

Organs are structures with specific functions composed of 2 or more types of tissue. eg heart

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7
Q

Describe a system and give an example

A

A system consists of related organs with a common function for example the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Describe the Organismal structural level, and give an example

A

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism eg. The individual

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9
Q

Name the 11 systems composed of related organs with a common function

A

1.) Integumentary
2.) Muscular
3.) Skeletal
4.) Nervous
5.) Endocrine
6.) Lymphatic (and immune)
7.) Cardiovascular
8.) Respiratory
9.) Digestive
10.) Urinary
11.) Reproductive

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10
Q

True or False: All organs only belong to a single system

A

False - the pancreas, for example, belongs to the digestive AND endocrine system

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11
Q

Name all organ structures within the Integumentary System

A

Cutaneous Membrane (Skin)
——-epidermis and dermis
Hair Follicles
——-Hair
Sabacious Glands
Sweat Glands
Nails
Sensory Receptors
Hypodermis

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12
Q

What is the primary function of the epidermis?

A

Protects: covers the surface
Protects: Deeper Tissues
Vitamin D production:

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13
Q

What is the primary function of the dermis?

A

Feeds epidermis: strength: glands

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14
Q

What is the primary function of hair follicles?

A

Sensation from stimulation (innervation)
Protection

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15
Q

What is the function of sebacious glands?

A

Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis - removes waste

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16
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation: evaporative cooling (sweat)

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17
Q

What is considered a modified sweat gland?

A

Breast tissue/mammries

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18
Q

What are the function of nails?

A

To stiffen and protect digits

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19
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors

A

Detect sensations: touch; pressure; temperature; pain

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20
Q

What in the primary function of the hypodermis?

A

Stores fat and attaches skin to deep layers

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21
Q

What is the organ structure of the Muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles
Axial muscles
Appendicular muscles
Tendons and Aponeuroses

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22
Q

What is the primary function of the skeletal muscles?

A

Provide skeletal movements
Control entrances and exits to digestive and respiratory system and urinary system Produce heat through shivering
Support the skeleton
Protect soft tissues

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the axial muscles?

A

Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the appendicular muscles?

A

Support and move and brace limbs

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25
What is the primary function of tendons and apperneuroses?
Translates contractile forces into tasks Tendons attach muscle to bones
26
What is the primary function of aponeuroses?
Most often muscle to muscle connection
27
What is the primary function of tendons?
Translates contractile forces into tasks Tendons attach muscle to bones
28
Describe the appearance of aponeuroses
Fibrous material - sheet like appearance
29
What is the organ structure of the skeletal system?
Bones Cartilage Joints Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Bone Bone marrow (red and yellow)
30
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells
31
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
Skull Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Supporting cartilages Ligaments
32
What is are the 2 primary functions of the axial skeleton?
1.) Protecting the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax 2.) Supporting body weight over lower limbs
33
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
Limbs Supporting Bones Ligaments
34
What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?
Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs Supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
35
What is the primary function of bones?
Stores minerals
36
What are the different types of bone marrow?
Red and yellow
37
What are the different types of bone marrow?
Red and yellow
38
What are the different types of bone marrow?
Red and yellow
39
Where is red bone marrow located?
Flat bones such as the pelvis, sternum, or cell.
40
What bones are red blood cells manufactured in?
Pelvis Sternum Skulls Ribs
41
What is the main function of yellow bone marrow?
Fat storage
42
What kind of bone is yellow bone marrow found in?
Long bones
43
True or False - Red bone marrow can change into yellow
False - yellow bone marrow can change into red, however.
44
What type of bone marrow do we gain with aging?
Yellow bone marrow
45
What type of marrow do we lose with age?
Red bone marrow
46
What is histology?
The branch of anatomy that studies microscopic tissues
47
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
Directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
48
What is the organ structure of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Special senses Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
49
Describe the function of the CNS
Control center Short term control over other systems
50
Describe the primary functions of the brain
Does complex integrative (stimulus) activities Controls voluntary and involuntary movement
51
True or False - The optic nerve is a part of the PNS
FALSE - it is the only special sense that is apart of the CNS
52
True or False - The optic nerve is a part of the PNS
FALSE - it is the only special sense that is purely part of the CNS - all other senses can be part of both
53
Describe the primary functions of the PNS
Links CNS with other system and sense organs
54
What is the organ structure of the endocrine system?
Pineal Gland Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Kidneys Pancreas Gonads
55
What does the pineal gland control?
Day and night rhythms
56
What is the primary functions of the hypothalamus/pitutary gland?
Control many other endocrine glands Regulates growth Fluid balance
57
What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?
Controlling metabolic rate and calcium levels
58
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Directs long term changes in other organ systems
59
What is the primary function of the parathyroid gland?
release hormone for controlling calcium levels
60
What is the primary function of the thymus?
Maturation of lymphocytes
61
What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?
Water and mineral balance (eg aldosterone) Tissue metabolism (cortisol) Cardio and respiratory function (adrenaline)
62
Where do adrenal glands sit?
On top of the kidneys
63
What do adrenal glands look like?
They look like yellow pyramids
64
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Red blood cell production Keeps blood pressure up Calcium levels
65
What is the primary function of the pancreas?
Glucose control
66
What does your pancreas release to control glucose?
Insulin
67
What is the primary function of the gonads
These are the sexual characteristics and are responsible for reproduction
68
What is the primary function of the gonads
These are the sexual characteristics and are responsible for reproduction
69
Name the anterior pituitary hormones
Gonadotropins (Males and females) Prolactin TSH Growth hormone ACTH
70
Name the posterior pituitary hormones.
ADH Oxytocin
71
What causes giganstism?
Too much growth hormone from childhood
72
What is acromegaly?
Too much growth hormone as an adult - can lead to cancers forming, as well as a thickening of appearance.
73
True or false - tumors caused by acromegaly (too much GH as an adult) are easily removed?
True
74
What is IGF?
Insulin-like growth hormone
75
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Defends against infection and disease and returns tissues fluid to the bloodstream.
76
Describe the organ structure of the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic fluid B and T cells Spleen Thymus
77
What is the primary function of the lymphatic vessels?
Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the CV system
78
How are lymphatic vessels linked and what happens when bacteria is detected?
Linked by lymph nodes - when bacteria is detected within the system, the swell up/enlarge in order to fight it.
79
What is lymphatic fluid made up of?
Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut
80
What is the primary function of the B and T cells
They are cells that carry out immune responses.
81
True or false - lymph nodes don't include the tonsils
False
82
What is the primary function of the lymph nodes (including the tonsils)
Monitor composition of lymph Defend against and engulf pathogens Stimulate immune response (eg lymphadenopathy)
83
What is the primary function of the spleen?
Monitors circulation of the blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycle red blood cells Stimulates immune response Like a large lymph node
84
What is the primary function of the thymus
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
85
True of false - When lymphatic system isn't working, swelling occurs
True - this is because lymphatic fluid can't clear out, it swells up (edema) and affects blood supply to the area
86
True or False - the lymphatic system collects interstitial fluid from blood plasma and doesn't return it
False - lymph is collected via the lymphatic system and later returned via the lymphatic ducts
87
How is interstitial fluid made?
Blood plasma if filtered from blood capillaries into interstitial spaces to become interstitial fluid
88
How do lymph nodes defend against pathogens?
Pathogens are removed from the blood system and into the lymphatic, lymph nodes then filter lymph fluid and remove foreign substances through filtering, phagocytosis, and immune reactions
89
What does the valve in the lymphatic system do?
Ensures one-way flow of lymph
90
What do lymphatic capillaries do?
They absorb interstitial fluid and pass lymph to afferent vessels
91
What do afferent lymphatic vessels do?
Carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to lymph nodes
92
What do efferent lymphatic vessels do?
Carry lymph from lymph nodes
93
What do lymphatic vessels do?
Pass lymph to lymphatic ducts
94
What do lymphatic ducts do?
Empty lymph into the junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system
95
Where are lymphatic capillaries found?
All throughout the body
96
Where are lymphatic capillaries NOT found?
Avascular tissues, the CNS, portions of the spleen, and bone marrow
97
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
98
What is the organ structure of the cardiovascular system?
Heart Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) Blood
99
What is the primary function of the heart
Propels blood and maintains blood pressure
100
What type of blood vessels are there?
Arteries Capillaries Veins
101
What is the function of arteries?
Conduit of blood from the heart to the capillaries
102
What is the primary function of capillaries?
Acts as a conduit for diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
103
What is the function for veins?
Returns blood from capillaries to heart
104
What is the primary function of blood?
Transports oxygen and CO2 Transports nutrients and hormones Removes waste Temp regulation Defends against illness (immune cells) Helps with Acid/base balance
105
What is the primary function of the Respiratory system?
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood - also produces sound from throat
106
What is the organ structure of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
107
What is the function of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses?
Filter warm humidified air and detect smells
108
What is the primary function of the pharynx?
Conducts air to larynx
109
What is the primary function of the larynx
Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalization
110
What is the primary function of the trachea?
Conducts air and keeps cartilage open
111
What is the primary function of the Bronchi?
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
112
What is the primary function of the lungs
Air movement Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli Acid/base control
113
What is the primary function of the Digestive system?
Processes food and absorbs nutrients
114
What is the organ structure of the digestive system?
Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine Anus
115
What is the primary function of the oral cavity?
Breaks up food working with the teeth and tongue
116
What is the primary function of the salivary glands?
Buffers and acts as a lubricant Has enzymes that begin digestion
117
What is the primary function of the pharynx?
Carries solid and liquid foods to the esophagus
118
True or False - the pharynx is only present in one system
False - it is shared with the respiratory system
119
What is the primary function of the Esophagus
Delivers food to the stomach
120
What is the primary function of the stomach
Secretes digestive acids, enzymes, and hormones
121
What is the primary function of the small intestine
Has digestive enzymes Buffers hormones Absorbs nutrients
122
What is the primary function of the liver?
Secretes bile Regulates nutrients in blood
123
What is bile used for?
Acts as a detergent - cleans the liver
124
What is the primary function of the gallblader?
Stores and concentrates bile
125
What is the primary function of the pancreas?
Produces digestive enzymes to break down carbs and fats Controls pH in intestines - buffers - equilibrium Endocrine cells (shared with endocrine system)
126
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Water removal and waste storage
127
What is the primary function of the anus
Waste removal
128
What is the primary function of the digestive system
Processes food and absorbs nutrients
129
What is paracellus?
It is controlled contractions of the small and large intestines that propel and break up food - does this in a mixing and propelling motion
130
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes
131
What is the organ structure of the urinary system?
Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
132
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Form and concentrate urine Regulate pH and ions Blood volume and blood pressure Works with the endocrine system to assist with the prodution of blood cells and mineral balance
133
What is EPO?
Erythropoietin
134
What kind of hormone is Erythropoietin?
A glycoprotein hormone
135
Where is Erythropoietin produced?
Produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney
136
What does EPO (Erythropoietin) do?
Causes and increased activity in hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) which them causes more red blood cell production which allows blood to have a greater capacity for carrying oxygen.
137
What is the organ structure of the male reproductive system
Testes Acessory organs External genitalia
138
What is included in accessory organs with the male repoductive system
Epididymis Ductus Deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra
139
What is considered external genitalia in the male reproductive system?
Penis and scrotum
140
What is the primary function of the testes?
Produces sperms and hormones (is also included in the endocrine system)
141
What is the primary function of the Epididymus?
Sperm maturation
142
What is the primary function of the Ductus deferens?
Sperm from epididymus
143
What does the Seminal gland produce?
Seminal fluid
144
What does the prostate gland produce?
Seminal fluid
145
What is the primary function of the Urethra?
Takes sperm to the exterior
146
What is the primary function of the penis
Reproduction
147
What is the primary function of the Scrotum
Thermal control of the testes
148
What are the organ structures found within the Female Reproductive system?
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina and external genitalia Mammary glands
149
True or false - Ovaries are also a part of the endocrine system?
True
150
Ovaries contain...?
Oocytes and hormones
151
What is an oocyte?
A female germ cell in the process of development
152
What is the primary function of the uterine tubes?
Deliver oocyte Is the location where fertilization occurs
153
What is the primary function of the uterus
This is where an embryo develops
154
What is the primary function of the vagina and external genitalia?
Lubrication Sperm reception Birth canal
155
What is the primary function of the mammary glands?
Nutrition for new borns
156
True or false - mammary glands are ONLY a part of the female reproductive system
False - also a part of the integumentary system as a modified sweat gland

BIOSCI 107 (5 decks)

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