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Anatomy 1105 > Structural Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Structural Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest particle of an element with all the properties of that element.

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2
Q

Molecule

A

The smallest amount of a substance that can exist alone. a combination of atoms. e.g. h2o

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3
Q

Basic components of living cells

A

organelles

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4
Q

fundamental structural and function of a living thing

A

cell

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5
Q

Group of similar cells that have a common function. 4 basic types?

A

Tissues
epithelium- covers,
muscle- movement, connective- supports,
nervous- controls

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6
Q

structure composed of 2-4 tissue type; performs a specific, unique, complex and necessary function

A

organ

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7
Q

Organ System

A

Organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose

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8
Q

Sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

A

organismal level

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9
Q

Centrioles

A

small, barrel-shaped organelles.

The site of formation of microtubules

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10
Q

Microtubule

A

I form the mitotic spindle.

I can also move organelles around within the cytoplasm

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11
Q

I am composed of actin and can influence cell shape.

I am also involved in muscle contraction.

A

Microfilament

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12
Q

I am a made up of tough fibers that resemble woven ropes.

A

Intermediate filament

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13
Q

Cillia, flagella

A

We are many short projection from the cell surface that propel substances across it.

We are a single long projection that propels the cell.

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

I have a double membrane as well as cristae.

I am the site of ATP synthesis, so I am the powerhouse of the cell.

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

I am the site of protein synthesis.

I can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to a membrane.

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16
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

I am a stack of flattened membranes and vesicles close to the nucleus.
I package, modify and segregate proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

We are a network of interconnected tubules.
If I am rough, I am studded with ribosomes, and package the proteins they make.
If I am smooth, I make lipids and steroids and detoxify drugs.E

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18
Q

We are a network of interconnected tubules.
If I am rough, I am studded with ribosomes, and package the proteins they make.
If I am smooth, I make lipids and steroids and detoxify drugs.

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

peroxisome

A

With my sacs of catalase and oxidase

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

I am the control centre of the cell.

I contain the instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins.

I dictate which proteins are made at any one time, in response to signals acting on the cell.

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21
Q

Nucleolus

A

I am made up of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

I am the site of production of ribosomal subunits.

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22
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

I separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm. I have two layers and contain pores for the passage of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal subunits.

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23
Q

Long DNA strands wind around me, forming ‘beads on a string.’

I regulate DNA by compacting it into tightly wrapped chromatin when it is not dividing.

A

Histone

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24
Q

I am the only type of body cell without a nucleus.

I am an ‘anucleate’ cell.

A

Red blood cell

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25
Cell
the region of the cell between the plasma and nuclear membranes.
26
cytoplasm
the region of the cell between the plasma and nuclear membranes. I contain cytosol, cellular inclusions (eg nutrients and secreted products) and organelles
27
We are the ‘metabolic machines’ of the cell.
Organelles
28
Plasma membrane
I am a double layer of lipids within which proteins are embedded. I am the cell barrier. My externally facing proteins act as receptors. I transport material into/out of the cell. I maintain the resting potential.
29
Semi-permeable
a term that describes the ability of the plasma membrane to regulate the entry and exit of various substances.
30
Histology
the study of tissues, compliments the study of gross anatomy
31
Tissues are organized into...
organs
32
Two forms of epithelial tissues
SHEETS- cover the outside or line the inside. Outer layer of skin. Lines the urogenital, digestive, and respiratory systems. Covers body cavity walls , organs. GLANDULAR- fashions the glands of the body
33
Epithelial tissue- | Boundaries between different environments. EG...
Skin epidermis- inside/ outside of the body | Bladder wall epithelium- inner wall cells/ urine
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Function of epithelial tissues (6)
``` protection absorption filtration excretion secretion sensory reception ```
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Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Polarity
Upper apical surface exposed to exterior/organ cavity. Most have microvilli, increase surface area lower basal surface with basal lamina noncellular adhesive sheet selective filter scaffold during wound repair
36
Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Contact
Most (except glandular) as continuous sheets lateral contact maintain polarity, apical proteins can't drift
37
Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Supported by connective tissue
Basement Membrane: Basal lamina and reticular fibres reinforce epithelial sheet against stretching/tearing, defines epithelial boundary
38
Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Homeostasis
Body's ability to dynamically maintain relatively stable internal conditions, when outside world changes most diseases can be a result of disturbance of homeostasis
39
Homeostatic Imbalance (epithelial)
cancerous epithelial cells don't respect basement membrane: penetrate/ invade underlying tissue
40
Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Avascular but Innervated
Avascular: no blood vessels nourished by substances diffusing from underlying blood vessels Innervated: supplied by nerve fibres
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Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Capable of regeneration
High...
42
Special Characteristics of Epithelium ( 6)
``` Polarity Contact Supported by connective tissue homeostasis avascular but innervated capable of regeneration ```
43
Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Number of cells:
SIMPLE Single cell layer- thin absorption, filtration, secretion STRATIFIED >/2 more stacked cell layers high abrasion areas eg. skin surface reproduce from below, pushing apically, replacing less-nourished cells
44
Special Characteristics of Epithelium | Shape of Cells:
- All 6-sided - closely packed 3 common shapes: 1. squamous: flat and scale like 2. cuboidal: boxlike 3. columnar: tall columns - Nucleus shape confirms to cell shape nb stratified (multilayered) epithelia: names by apical layer shape
45
Two rare types of epithelial tissue
...
46
Endothelium ( simple squamous- special name)
Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels) and lymphatic systems Slick, friction-reducing lining In capillaries, exceptional thinness allows efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between bloodstream and surrounding tissues
47
Mesothelium ( simple squamous- special name )
Serous ( double- layered) membranes that line ventral body cavity (front of body- next side) and covers organs
48
Glandular Epithelia | Gland:
Cells that make and secret a particular product
49
Types of glands:
Endocrine- ductless, secretions (hormones) remote areas via blood Exocrine- Secretions- body surface/ body cavities, unicellular- directly via exocytosis multicellular- secretion via duct
50
Unicellular exocrine glands
In epithelial linings of intestinal/respiratory tracts - mucous cells and goblet cells Both produce mucin a protein -dissolving in water Mucous a slimy coating that protects/ lubricates Well-developed rough ER and golgi apparatus
51
Multicellular exocrine glands
2 parts: duct from epithelium and secretory acinus surrounded by fibrous capsule (connective tissue) contains blood vessels and nerve fibres divides gland into lobes
52
Multicellular exocrine glands | classifying by structure
Simple/ compound: duct unbranched/ branched simple: primary duct may branch,but no subsequent branching compound: primary duct has additional branches tubular/ alveolar- secretory units tubes/flasks
53
Multicellular exocrine glands | classifying by methods of secretion
Merocrine- via exocytosis ( gland intact) eg. pancreas Holocrine- via rupture ( destroy glands ) sebaceous (oil) glands of skin only example
54
Connective Tissue | Functions (5)
``` Binding and supporting ( bone cartilage) Protecting (bone, cartilage, fat) insulating (fat) storing reserve fuel (fat) transporting (blood) ```
55
Connective Tissue | Common characteristics
Varying degrees of vascularity (none-rich) Extracellular matrix nonliving Matrix allows CT to bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse
56
Connective Tissue | Structural Elements
3 main: ground substance, fibres (extracellular matrix), and cells Huge variation in composition/ arrangement- amazing diversity of function
57
Connective Tissue Ground substance Composed of:
Fills space between cells Cell adhesion proteins- hold cells Proteoglycans-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached to protein core- trap water Interstitial fluid- Molecular sieve (filter) Dissolved material (nutrients, others) diffuse between cells and blood capillaries
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``` Connective Tissue (Fibers) Collagen ```
The most abundant thick, cross-linked collagen proteins tough, high tensile (can't be pulled apart) strength stronger than steel
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``` Connective Tissue (Fibers) Elastic fibers ```
Long, thin, branched Elastic: rubber-band protein skin, lungs, blood vessels
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``` Connective Tissue (Fibers) Reticular ```
Short, fine, delicate, branched Continuous with collagen fiber- allows more "give" surround blood vessels, organs- fuzzy "nets"
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``` Connective Tissue (Cells) Macrophages ```
big eaters phagocytize foreign matter remove dead cells immune system actors
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``` Connective Tissue (Cells) Fibroblasts ```
produce collagen fibres
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``` Connective Tissue (Cells) Lymphocytes ```
white blood cells
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``` Connective Tissue (Cells) Neutrophils ```
Types of white blood cells also eosinophils response to injury, infection
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``` Connective Tissue (Cells) Fat Cells ```
Store nutrients
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``` Connective Tissue (Cells) Mast Cells ```
cluster along blood vessels detect foreign, microorganisms e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi ... a protective response Have secretory granules: contents mediate response - Heparin- anticoagulant - Histamine- makes capillaries leaky - Proteases- degrade proteins - other enzymes
67
Types of Connective Tissue (Loose)
Areolar- wraps/ cushions, conveys/holds fluids, roles against bacteria/inflammatory response Adipose- (fat) supports/ protects, reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss Reticular fibres: soft internal skeleton... supports other cells
68
Types of Connective Tissue (dense)
Dense regular: great strength (1 direction) tendons (cords, muscle to bone), ligaments (cords, bone to bone), aponeuroses (sheets, muscle to muscle) Dense irregular: great strength (many directions) Elastic: recoil after stretch, e.g. pulsatile blood flow in arteries, lung bronchial tubes post inspiration
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Types of Connective Tissue | Cartilage
Tough/ flexible: resists tension and compression Intermediate between dense CT and bone No nerve fibres, an avascular (no blood vessels) - nutrients diffuse from blood vessels in perichondrium (CT between cells) GAGs + collagen/ elastic fibres + cells + 80% H2O -Chondroblasts- produce new matrix until skeleton stops growing at end of adolescence - Chondrocytes- mature cartilage cells
70
Types of Connective Tissue | Cartilage ( Homeostatic Imbalance)
-Cartilage heals slowly since avascular and cells can't be replaced as they age. Notable with sports injuries Later in life, cartilage calcifies and ossifies ( become bony), leading to death of chondrocytes
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Types of Connective Tissue | Cartilage (cont) TYPES
Hyaline: supports/ reinforces/ cushions- covers ends of long bones: articular cartilage (epiphyseal plates while growing) Fibrocartilage: Absorbs compressive shock, withstands pressure, supports Elastic: Maintains shape but allows flexibility
72
Types of Connective Tissue | Bone
Supports/ protects, levers for muscles, store calcium, marrow inside for formation of blood cells- hematopoiesis unlike cartilage, next hardest tissue, bone well-supplied by blood vessels
73
Types of Connective Tissue | Blood
Transports respiratory gases (O2 and CO2), nutrients, and wastes, and many other substances

Anatomy 1105 (1 decks)

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