Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Whats group structure?
A
- Predictable processes, to predictable behaviours
- How people relate to each other
- The same core concepts in every group
Norms, roles and intermember relations
2
Q
What are norms?
A
- Fundamental element of social structure
- Sets a standard implicitly or explicitly
- Provide direction, motivation, organizing interactions, can be restrictive or beneficial etc
- Doesnt have to universal, unique for each group
- A groups culture
- Common knowledge, we take them for granted till it gets violated (Kaaaaaaren)
3
Q
What are different types of norms?
A
Prescriptive norm
- socially accepted
Proscriptive norm
- not socially accepted, should be avoided
Descriptive norm
- how one should feel, think or act in certain situations or new situations
Injunction norm
- describes behaviours that are desireable and undesireable, do this or else
4
Q
Principle of social proofing
A
- Assume behaviours from others are correct if more people do it
- Looking at others to gain information
5
Q
Whats internalization of norms?
A
- Norms can become your own beliefs, not just external rules to follow
- Influence your own values
- Identifying with the group, going against the norms can personally upsetting
- Sherif Study, you have the same opinion even alone
- You express this as a young kid(3-4 years old)
6
Q
How can norms develop?
A
- Explicitly said
- Happens over time through group member interaction
- Can com from tough situations or conflicts
7
Q
Social tuning
A
- The tendency for individuals actions and evaluations becoming similar to others
- You adapt
8
Q
How can norms influence our behaviour?
A
- Group pressure, both good and bad. Alcohol
- Unhealthy consequences seen as normal
- Normative process
9
Q
Pluralistic ignorance
A
- To think youre alone with different views on some norms, thus stick to them publically
- Why unhealthy norms stays
10
Q
What are roles?
A
- Different positions in the group
- Expected behaviours, responsibilities and coordination
- Explains why some people change, the role is a part of your identity
- Theatre roles
11
Q
Role differentiation
A
- Increase of roles with time
- Roles gets more defined and narrow
12
Q
Task role
A
- Behaviours that focuses on tasks and activities
- Groups goal, help each other
13
Q
Relationship role
A
- Improve interpersonal relations among members
- Emotional support and well-being
14
Q
Why does differentiation happen?
A
- Few individuals can do both roles
- Preferences gets established
- More pronounced over time
- Needs for clear instructions and emotional support
15
Q
What does role theories describe?
A
- Roles and role related processes, like how a group agrees on a role or how roles works in groups
- Organize group interactions, shared expectations that scripts behaviours from that role
16
Q
Functional role theories
A
- Roles exists because they have a function
- Individual reasons or for the group
- Leaders fill up the roles, the members do their work
- A groups survival - finish the task and maintain relationships
- 19 specific roles + 8 roles that stems from “selfish individuals”
- Preference for a specific type of role but flexibility is best
17
Q
Interactionist Theories
A
- Roles come from reciprocal interactions between group members
- Pre-knowledge of how some roles are, interactions defines it
- Role enactment: displaying certain behaviours, negotiating
- Role sending: influencing others expectations of the role
- Example roles that certain professions do
18
Q
Self-presentation
A
- Influence others social perceptions of you by displaying the qualities you wanna show (for the role you want)
19
Q
Role taking
A
- Taking other peoples perspectives of the role you want, and act on it
- A process that takes time
- Motivation, experience and ability to see things from other perspectives
20
Q
Dynamic role theories
A
- S- Freud
- Our actions in groups are based
1. Plans, motives and goals
2. Unconscious interpersonal and psychological processes that are largely unrecognized - Replace our basic family
- Influence how we view and act the role
Leaders - Parental role
Cohesive groups - Siblings
21
Q
Bales SYMLOG Model
A
- An integrative model that consider roles, attractions and status across groupmembers
- Roles commonly observed in groups - explanation
1. Dominance or Submissive - active/talkative vs passive/quiet
2. Friendliness or Unfriendliness - warm/open vs negative/irritable
3. Acceptance or Nonacceptance of task-oriented authority - group structure, do you follow orders? - Some roles are higher or lower in status
- Positive or negative influence on the group and its processes
22
Q
Group socialization theory
A
- Seek out roles but might get others instead
- Negotiates their role assignments in groups
- Mutual process, adapting to the group and the group adapting to a new person
- Five different roles; prospective member(looking to join), new member(trying to adjust, everything is new), full member(youve been accepted, but role transitions might happen), marginal member(role transition, unhappy with your new role) and ex-member
23
Q
How can roles affect our health and well-being?
A
- There is alot of stress but also positive benefits
- Expectations and responsibilities can wear you down, especially if role isnt defined
- Uncertainty can lead to physical and psychological issues
- Not feeling like themselves
You need feedback to your role, clear role defining!
24
Q
Role ambiguity
A
Unclear expectations of how the role should be, whats acceptable
- Lack of clarity
25
Role conflict
- Several roles
- Time consuming and tiring
- Two types of role conflicts
26
Interrol conflict
- Roles arent compatible with each other, one thing is okay with one role but not the other
Student vs Parental role
27
Intrarole conflict
Contractionary demands within the single role
- What i think the role vs other group members
28
Whats intermember relations?
- The connections among the members
- Information flow in a group, that depends on status, attraction and communication networks
29
Status differentiation
- The gradual rise of some group members to positions of greater authority, with less authority to others
- All start on equal footing though
- Shapes the group relations structure
- People with higher status are held in higher regard and can influence the group more
30
What is status rank?
- Who has the highest status in the group
- Individual, group and culture factors
- Example extroverts
- Having the right skills for the group
31
Person-group fit
Predictions have to account for attributes the individual has and how well it meshes with the group needs or wants
32
How does attraction relation work in group?
- Two dimensions, leader and follower as well as enemies and friends
- Network of like and dislike among the members
- Least like to most like
- This network shows how people can get treated
33
Network transivity
A likes B, B likes C so A likes C too
34
Sociometric stars
Liked by many, if not all
35
Balance theory
- Some patterns of relationships in groups are more structurally sound, which groups strive for "a balance"
- Unbalanced relations creates tension and stress, leads to changing some elements
- On why group attraction relations lead to be reciprocal, transitive and homophilus
36
What is communication relations?
- How group members communicate with each other, shows how the dynamics of the group is
- Different networks; a wheel, concon (all members get info, not a info center, good for complex tasks), chain )a info center, one person to the oher, good for simple tasks), circle (closed chain) and pinwheel(info flows one way)
37
What is downward communications?
- From leader to follower
- Actions that needs to be taken
Explanations
Reasons
Suggestions
Feedback
38
What is upward communications?
- From follower to leaders
- About your performance or others
- Requests for more information
- Complains
- Questions about policies
39
What is a social network analysis?
- Used to see links in group, the informal ones
- Presenting it visually
- To see how communication flow in groups
- To understand the group dynamics we need to understand the links between members
Degree centrality: the number of ties between group members
Betweenness: The distance or ties between members
Holes: disconnections in communication networks, clusters or cliques
