structure and bonding

Question 1

what are isotopes?

Answer 1

atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses due to different neutron numbers

Question 2

element

Answer 2

only one type of atom

Question 3

compounds

Answer 3

more than one type of atom chemically bondes

Question 4

mixtures

Answer 4

a material containing 2 or more different substances not chemically bonded

Question 5

ion formation

Answer 5

when atoms react they try to fill up their outer shall to get the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas. atoms lose or gain electrons to get a full outer shell

Question 6

structure

Answer 6

extended lattice of alternating cations and anions

Question 7

bonding

Answer 7

an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions known as an ionic bond

Question 8

covalent bonding

Answer 8

non-metals share a pairs of electrons for a full outer shell

Question 9

ionic properties?

Answer 9

• high melting and boiling points (strong electrostatic attractions between the ions, a lot of energy is required to break these bonds)
• conduct electricity (conduct when molten or in aqueous solutions they are free to move around and carry charge)
• brittle (when force is applied like charges aline in the structure and will shatter because like charges repel)
• water soluble ( soluble in water if the attraction between the water molecules and ions is stronger than the attraction force between ions)

Question 10

intermolecular force

Answer 10

attractive force rather than bond

Question 11

molecular substances

Answer 11

• held together with covalent bonds
• weak intermolecular forces
• intermolecular force breaks when substance melts not covalent bonds

Question 12

molecular substance solubility

Answer 12

generally insoluble in water however may dissolve in organic solvents

Question 13

molecular substance volatility

Answer 13

• volatile substances evaporate easily to form vapour
• molecular substances have high volatility due to wake intermolecular forces
• volatile forces may have strong odour

Question 14

ionic solid

Answer 14

• regular arrangement of positive and negative ions in lattice structure
• ionic bond is 3D

Question 15

covalent molecular substances

Answer 15

• in solid molecular substances, molecules are still held in a lattice structure
• strong covalent bonds but weak intermolecular forces (because molecules are not charged)

Question 16

covalent molecular properties

Answer 16

• low melting and boiling point (weak intermolecular bonds not much energy required to break)
• does not conduct electricity (no charged particles, free to move)

Question 17

diamond

Answer 17

• strong, multiple covalent bonds holding atoms together
• every C atom is bonded to 4 others
• high m.p and b.p
• hard
• does not conduct electricity
• insoluble

Question 18

graphite

Answer 18

• made up of 2D hexagonal layers
• each C atom is bonded to 3 others
• delocalised atoms between layers
• delocalised atoms make graphite an electrical conductor
• held together with weak bonds
• soft and layers slide over each other

Question 19

silica

Answer 19

• each Si atom is covalently bonded to 4 oxygen atoms
• rigid 3D lattice
• high m.p and b.p
• hard
• non-conductor
• insoluble

Question 20

malleable

Answer 20

can be molded into shapes

Question 21

ductile

Answer 21

can be stretched into wires

Question 22

metallic structure

Answer 22

metal ions in a lattice structure

Question 23

metallic bonding

Answer 23

metal molecules in a lattice with delocalised electrons

Question 24

metallic substances

Answer 24

high m.p and b.p