Structure And Bonding

Question 0

What charge does a metal ion have?

Answer 0

Positive

Question 1

What is a Ion?

Answer 1

Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Question 2

What charge does non metals have?

Answer 2

Negative

Question 3

How do ions form?

Answer 3

Ions form by a metal and a non-metal reacting together by swapping their electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

Question 4

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 4

Ionic bonding is where a metal and a non-metal react together.

Question 5

In ionic bonding, do metals lose or gain electrons to gain a full outer shell?

Answer 5

Lose

Question 6

What charge is given to a metal ion?

Answer 6

Positive because by losing the electron, the element has more positive ions, so therefore the metal is positively charge.

Question 7

Do non-metals lose or gain electrons during ionic bonding?

Answer 7

Gain

Question 8

What charge is given to a non-metal ion?

Answer 8

Negative because the element had gained negatively charged electrons which gives the element a negative charge.

Question 9

Why does a ionic compound have a high melting point?

Answer 9

There is a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions which makes the compound harder to break apart when heated.

Question 10

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 10

A strong bond between two non-metals.

Question 11

How do two non-metals achieve a full outer shell?

Answer 11

They do this by sharing their electrons.

Question 12

How do you represent a covalent compound?

Answer 12

Dot and cross diagram.

Question 13

What is a molecule?

Answer 13

A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Question 14

How many bonds can a covalent bond have?

Answer 14

Atoms may form multiple covalent bonds - that is, share not just one pair of electrons but two or more pairs. Atoms of different elements will form either one, two, three or four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Question 15

Simple molecular substances consist of?

Answer 15

molecules in which the atoms are joined by strong covalent bonds.

Question 16

Simple molecular substances are held together by?

Answer 16

A weak force.

Question 17

What do giant covalent structures contain?

Answer 17

They contain many atoms joined together by covalent bonds to form a giant lattice.

Question 18

Why does graphite conduct electricity?

Answer 18

Graphite contains free electrons which conduct electricity.

Question 19

What are simple molecules?

Answer 19

These contain only a few atoms held together by strong covalent bonds.

Question 20

Name the properties of simple molecular substances.

Answer 20

Low melting and boiling points - This is because the weak intermolecular forces break down easily.
Non-conductive - Substances with a simple molecular structure do not conduct electricity. This is because they do not have any free electrons or an overall electric charge.

Question 21

Hydrogen, ammonia, methane and water are also simple molecules with covalent bonds. What do they all have in common?

Answer 21

All have very strong bonds between the atoms, but much weaker forces holding the molecules together.

Question 22

When Hydrogen, ammonia, methane or water melt or boils, which force breaks?
A, Covalent
B, Intermolecular

Answer 22

B, intermolecular

Question 23

Macromolecules have giant covalent structures. What do they contain?

Answer 23

They contain a lot of non-metal atoms, each joined to adjacent atoms by covalent bonds. Their atoms are arranged into giant lattices, which are strong structures because of the many bonds involved.

Question 24

Do substances with giant covalent structures have a high or low melting/boiling point?

Answer 24

They have a very high boiling point because a lot of strong covalent bonds needed to be broken.

Question 25

What is a lubricant ?

Answer 25

A substance used to reduce the friction between two solid surfaces.

Question 26

What is a catalyst?

Answer 26

A catalyst changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction itself.

Question 27

What are thermosofting polymers?

Answer 27

Thermosoftening polymers soften when heated and can be shaped when hot. The shape will harden when it is cooled, but can be reshaped when heated up again.

Question 28

Give an example of a thermosofting polymer?

Answer 28

Poly(ethene) is a thermosoftening polymer. Its tangled polymer chains can uncoil and slide past each other, making it a flexible material.

Question 29

What are thermosetting polymers?

Answer 29

Thermosetting polymers have different properties to thermosoftening polymers. Once moulded, they do not soften when heated and they cannot be reshaped.

Question 30

Give an example of a thermosetting polymer?

Answer 30

Vulcanised rubber is a thermoset used to make tyres. Its polymer chains are joined together by cross-links, so they cannot slide past each other easily.

Question 31

Why are metals malleable(flexible)?

Answer 31

This is because they consist of layers of atoms. These layers can slide over one another when the metal is bent, hammered or pressed.

Question 32

Metals form giant structures. How do the electrons behave ?

Answer 32

The electrons in the outer shells of the metal atoms are free to move. The metallic bond is the force of attraction between these free electrons and metal ions.

Question 33

Is the bond in metals strong or weak?

Answer 33

Strong, so metals can maintain a regular structure and usually have high melting and boiling points.

Question 34

Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat. Why?

Answer 34

This is because the free electrons can move throughout the metal.

Question 35

What is an alloy?

Answer 35

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one element is a metal. Many alloys are mixtures of two or more metals.

Question 36

What do alloys contain?

Answer 36

Alloys contain atoms of different sizes. These different sizes distort the regular arrangements of atoms. This makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each other, so alloys are harder than the pure metal.

Question 37

What do shape memory alloys do?

Answer 37

Shape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being bent or twisted.

Question 38

Name properties and uses of nanoparticles.

Answer 38

Nanoparticles have a very large surface area compared with their volume, so they are often able to react very quickly. This makes them useful as catalysts to speed up reactions. They can, for example, be used in self-cleaning ovens and windows. Nanoparticles also have different properties to the same substance in normal-sized pieces. For example, titanium dioxide is a white solid used in house paint and certain sweet-coated chocolates. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are so small that they do not reflect visible light, so cannot be seen. They are used in sun screens to block harmful ultraviolet light without appearing white on the skin.

Question 39

Graphite is soft and slippery because?

Answer 39

There are only weak intermolecular forces between its layers.

Question 40

Higher tier- Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Why?

Answer 40

This is because, like metals, graphite contains delocalised electrons. These electrons are free to move through the structure of the graphite.

Question 41

What can Carbon form besides graphite and diamond?

Answer 41

Fullerenes.

Question 42

What are fullerenes ?

Answer 42

These are cages and tubes with different number of carbon atoms.

Question 43

Name one type of fullerene?

Answer 43

Buckminsterfullerene

Question 44

How many carbon atoms do Buckminsterfullerenes contain?

Answer 44

Its molecules are spherical and contain 60 carbon atoms.

Question 45

What are fullerenes used for?

Answer 45

Fullerenes may be used for drug delivery systems in the body, in lubricants and as catalysts.

Question 46

The tube fullerenes are called?

Answer 46

nanotubes.

Question 47

What are nanotubes?

Answer 47

These are very strong. They are useful in reinforcing structures where lightness and strength are needed - for example, in tennis racket frames.