Structure And Function

Question 1

Polymer

Answer 1

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Building blocks - monomers

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

Small molecules that are the repeated units that serve as building blocks

Question 3

Enzymes

Answer 3

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Question 4

Dehydration reaction

Answer 4

Monomers are connected by covalent bonds that form through the loss of a water molecule
Removes a water molecule to form a new bond
Energy is required

Question 5

Hydrolysis - hydration reaction

Answer 5

Break down of a polymer
Adds water to break it down
Energy is released
Like digestion

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Include sugars and their polymers

Question 7

Simplest carbohydrates

Answer 7

Monosccharides
Simple sugars

Question 8

Disacharides

Answer 8

Double sugars
Consist of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

Polymers of many monosaccharides

Question 10

Monosccharides

Answer 10

Generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O
Ex: glucose, C6H12O6
A carbonyl group (>C=O) and multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH)

Question 11

Most names for sugars end in

Answer 11

-ose

Question 12

Depending on the location of the carbonyl group

Answer 12

The sugar in and aldose (aldehyde sugar) or a ketose (ketone sugar)

Question 13

How are monosaccharides classified

Answer 13

By the size of the carbon skeleton

Question 14

Monosccharides carbon skeleton ranges from

Answer 14

3-7 carbons long

Question 15

Hexoses

Answer 15

Glucose and other six-carbon sugars

Question 16

Pentoses

Answer 16

Five-carbon sugars

Question 17

Trioses

Answer 17

Three-carbon sugars

Question 18

Another structural distinction of simple sugars

Answer 18

Spatial arrangement of their parts and asymmetric carbon atoms

Question 19

Aldoses

Answer 19

Carbonyl groups at end of car in skeleton

Question 20

Ketose

Answer 20

Carbonyl group within carbon skeletons

Question 21

Sugars depend on the —-, —–, —–, and —- of their functions to decide what they are

Answer 21

Number
Location
Space
Structure

Question 22

Cellular respiration

Answer 22

Cells extract energy from glucose molecules

Question 23

Forming a disaccharide

Answer 23

Two monosaccharides can join with a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE via dehydration reaction

Question 24

Maltose, malt sugar, is formed by

Answer 24

Two glucose molecules

Question 25

Sucrose, table sugar, is formed by joining

Answer 25

Glucose and fructose

Question 26

Lactose, milk sugar, is formed by joining

Answer 26

Glucose and galactose

Question 27

The architecture and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its

Answer 27

Sugar monomers and by the positions of it's Glycosidic Linkages

Question 28

Polysaccharides serve as

Answer 28

Building materials for the cell or whole organism Storage and are hydrolyzed as sugars as needed

Question 29

Starch

Answer 29

A storage polysaccharide composed entirely of glucose monomers

Question 30

Plants store surplus glucose as

Answer 30

Starch granules within plastids, including chloroplasts, and withdraw it as needed for energy or carbon

Question 31

Animals have digestive enzymes that

Answer 31

Can hydrolyzed starch to glucose, making glucose available as nutrients for cells

Question 32

Amylose

Answer 32

The simplest form of starch Unbranched - can be branched but more complicated

Question 33

Glycogen

Answer 33

Animals store glucose in a polysaccharide called glycogen Similar to amylopectin, but much more branched

Question 34

Cellulose

Answer 34

Major component of the tough wall of plant cells A polymer of glucose, but the glycoside linkages are different than this rod starches

Question 35

Starch structures

Answer 35

Alpha 1-4 linkage Largely helical

Question 36

Cellulose structure

Answer 36

Beta glucose monomers Straight and unbranched

Question 37

Chitin

Answer 37

Found in exoskeletons of arthropods Similar to cellulose, except it has nitrogen-containing appendage