structure and function of lower urinary tract

Question 1

What is located anteriorly to the bladder in males?

Answer 1

pubic symphysis

Question 2

What is located posteriorly to the bladder in males?

Answer 2

rectovesical pouch and rectum

Question 3

What is located inferiorly to the bladder in males?

Answer 3

obturator internus muscle, levator ani muscle, prostate

Question 4

What is located superiorly to the bladder in males?

Answer 4

peritoneum

Question 5

What is located laterally to the bladder in males?

Answer 5

ischioanal fossa

Question 6

What is located anteriorly to the bladder in females?

Answer 6

pubic symphysis

Question 7

What is located posteriorly to the bladder in females?

Answer 7

vesicouterine pouch, uterus, cervix, vagina

Question 8

What is located inferiorly to the bladder in females?

Answer 8

urogenital diaphragm, pelvic fascia, perineal membrane

Question 9

What is located superiorly to the bladder in females?

Answer 9

uterus, peritoneum

Question 10

What is located laterally to the bladder in females?

Answer 10

ischioanal fossa

Question 11

What type of organ is the bladder?

Answer 11

Hollow muscular organ within the pelvis

Question 12

What is the dome/apex of the bladder?

Answer 12

Located superiorly, pointing towards the pubic symphysis

Question 13

What connects the bladder to the umbilicus?

Answer 13

median umbilical ligament

Question 14

What is the body of the bladder?

Answer 14

Located between the apex and the fundus

Question 15

What is the base of the bladder?

Answer 15

Located posteriorly, triangular-shaped

Question 16

What forms the neck of the bladder?

Answer 16

Convergence of the fundus and the two inferolateral surfaces

Question 17

What type of epithelium lines the bladder?

Answer 17

Stratified, transitional epithelium (Urothelium/Uroepithelium)

Question 18

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

Answer 18

Facilitates bladder contraction during micturition

Question 19

What is the stroma of the bladder composed of?

Answer 19

Collagen and elastin

Question 20

What is the normal function of the bladder?

Answer 20

Reservoir for urine storage

Question 21

What is the bladder’s barrier function?

Answer 21

Resists water passage but not truly waterproof

Question 22

What happens to bladder pressure during filling?

Answer 22

Remains constant despite increase in volume

Question 23

What initiates micturition?

Answer 23

Fullness at approximately 250ml

Question 24

What is the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the bladder?

Answer 24

Excitatory neurotransmission for detrusor contraction

Question 25

What does urge incontinence refer to?

Answer 25

Involuntary loss of urine associated with strong desire to void

Question 26

What is stress incontinence?

Answer 26

Involuntary loss of urine when intra-abdominal pressure rises without detrusor contraction

Question 27

What does the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) assess?

Answer 27

Frequency, nocturia, weak urinary stream, hesitancy, intermittency, incomplete bladder emptying, urgency

Question 28

What is a common symptom of bladder outlet obstruction?

Answer 28

Decreased force of micturition

Question 29

What is nocturia?

Answer 29

Nocturnal frequency of urination, normal <2x night

Question 30

What is the normal voiding pattern for urine?

Answer 30

300-400mls per void, 4-5 times per day

Question 31

What are storage symptoms of bladder dysfunction?

Answer 31

Frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence

Question 32

What is the role of bladder filling sensors?

Answer 32

Detect increase in wall tension and relay data to the brainstem

Question 33

What is the effect of aging on renal concentrating ability?

Answer 33

Decreases with age, leading to increased urine production at night

Question 34

What is the role of nitric oxide in bladder function?

Answer 34

Relaxation of bladder neck and external urethral sphincter

Question 35

What does urodynamic assessment measure?

Answer 35

Pressure from bladder and rectum during filling and voiding

Question 36

What is the management for an over-active bladder?

Answer 36

Lifestyle changes, anti-muscarinics, Botox