Structure And Function Of Plasma Membranes

Question 1

Defines the cell, outlines the borders and determines the nature of its interaction with its environment

Answer 1

Plasma membrane

Question 2

This model describes the plasma membranes structure as a mosaic of components and gives the membrane a fluid character

Answer 2

Fluid mosaic model

Question 3

A molecule consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate-linked head group

Answer 3

Phospholipid

Question 4

Consists of four fused carbon rings

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

Carbohydrates on the exterior of a membrane attached to a protein is called

Answer 5

Glycoproteins

Question 6

Carbohydrates on the exterior of a membrane attached to lipids is called

Answer 6

Glycolipids

Question 7

Water hating molecules and tend to be non polar

Answer 7

Hydrophobic

Question 8

Water loving molecules

Answer 8

Hydrophilic

Question 9

Is “dual loving” and can be (-) or (+) as well as uncharged or non polar

Answer 9

Amphiphilic

Question 10

Integrate completely into the membrane structure and interact with the phospholipid bilayers hydrophobic region

Answer 10

Intergral proteins

Question 11

These proteins are on the membranes exterior and interior surfaces and is attached to either a integral protein or phospholipid

Answer 11

Peripheral protein

Question 12

Third major plasma membrane component

Answer 12

Carbohydrates

Question 13

Where is the phospholipid located

Answer 13

Main membrane fabric

Question 14

Where is the cholesterol located

Answer 14

Attached between phospholipids and between the two phospholipid layers

Question 15

Where are integral proteins located

Answer 15

Embedded within the phospholipid layers

Question 16

Where are peripheral proteins located

Answer 16

On the phospholipid bilayers inner or outer surface(not embedded within the phospholipids)

Question 17

Where are carbohydrates located

Answer 17

Generally attached to proteins on the outside membrane layer

Question 18

This process decides if a substance can pass through the membrane or not

Answer 18

Selectively permeable

Question 19

This process transports substances along the concentration gradient and does not require energy

Answer 19

Passive transport

Question 20

This process transports substances against the concentration gradient and requires additional input of energy such as ATP

Answer 20

Active transport

Question 21

Plasma membranes are…

Answer 21

Amphiphilic

Question 22

True or false: polar substances can pass freely through the membrane

Answer 22

False because they have a charge meaning they require extra help to enter the membrane

Question 23

This is a passive process of transport and expends no energy

Answer 23

Diffusion

Question 24

What are some factors that affect the diffusion rate

Answer 24

Extent of the concentration gradient, mass of molecules diffusing, temperature, solvent density, solubility, surface area and distance travelled

Question 25

What is something that can affect high blood pressure

Answer 25

Appearance of protein in the urine

Question 26

This process diffuses materials across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins

Answer 26

Facilitated transport

Question 27

The integral proteins involved with facilitated transport

Answer 27

Transport proteins

Question 28

These proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids

Answer 28

Channel proteins

Question 29

Channel proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane at a high rate

Answer 29

Aquaporins

Question 30

These proteins can be open at all times or “gated” which controls the channels opening

Answer 30

Channel proteins

Question 31

This protein binds a substance and thus triggers a change of its own shape, moving the bound molecule from the cells outside to its interior depending on the gradient. These are also found embedded in the plasma membrane

Answer 31

Carrier proteins

Question 32

The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the waters concentration gradient across the membrane and is proportional to the solutes concentration

Answer 32

Osmosis

Question 33

Moves from an area of high concentration to a low concentration

Answer 33

Water

Question 34

An extracellular solution that can change a cells volume by affecting osmosis

Answer 34

Tonicity

Question 35

A solutions total solute concentration

Answer 35

Osmolarity

Question 36

3 terms to relate to the cells osmolarity to the extracellular fluids osmolarity that contains the cells

Answer 36

Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic

Question 37

The extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell , and water enters the cell

Answer 37

Hypotonic

Question 38

Extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the cells cytoplasm therefore contains less water

Answer 38

Hypertonic

Question 39

The extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell meaning no movement of water in or out of the cell

Answer 39

Isotonic

Question 40

If there is not enough osmolarity in a cell the cell will die

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

When the cell membrane detaches from the wall and constricts the cytoplasm

Answer 41

Plasmolysis

Question 42

We call the combined concentration gradient and electrical charge that affects an ion..

Answer 42

Electrochemical gradient

Question 43

What do you need to move against the concentration gradient

Answer 43

Energy(ATP)

Question 44

What works against electrochemical gradients

Answer 44

Pumps

Question 45

What moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge and is dependent on ATP

Answer 45

Primary active transport

Question 46

This does not require ATP this is the movement of material due to the electrochemical gradient

Answer 46

Secondary active transport

Question 47

Carries one specific ion or molecule

Answer 47

Uniporter

Question 48

Carries two different ions or molecules but in different directions

Answer 48

Antiporter

Question 49

Carries two different ions or molecules

Answer 49

Symporter

Question 50

Instrument that magnifies an object

Answer 50

Microscope

Question 51

This microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light

Answer 51

Electron microscope

Question 52

This theory states that one or more cells comprise of all living things, it is the basic unit of life and new cells arise from existing cells

Answer 52

Cell theory

Question 53

Simple single celled organism that lacks a nucleus or any membrane bound organelle

Answer 53

Prokaryote

Question 54

This cell has a membrane bound nucleus, many membrane organelles and many rod-shaped chromosomes

Answer 54

Eukaryotic cell

Question 55

A phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that separate the internal contents of the cell

Answer 55

Plasma membrane

Question 56

Houses the cells DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

Answer 56

Nucleus

Question 57

The cells entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope and consists of 70-80% water

Answer 57

Cytoplasm

Question 58

Double membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus outermost portion

Answer 58

Nuclear envelope

Question 59

Semi solid fluid inside the nucleus where the chromatin and nucleolus are

Answer 59

Nucleoplasm

Question 60

Structures within the nucleus that are made of DNA

Answer 60

Chromosomes

Question 61

Unwound protein chromosome complexes

Answer 61

Chromatin

Question 62

Is the powerhouse of the cell for plant and animals and is responsible for making ATP

Answer 62

Mitochondria

Question 63

Responsible for protein synthesis

Answer 63

Ribosomes

Question 64

Small round organelles enclosed by single membranes that carry out oxidation reactions that break down amino and fatty acids

Answer 64

Peroxisomes

Question 65

Membrane bound sacs that function in storage and transport

Answer 65

Vesicles and vacuoles

Question 66

A microtubule organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells

Answer 66

Centrosome

Question 67

This is the cells garbage disposal

Answer 67

Lysosomes

Question 68

Protects the plant cell

Answer 68

Cell wall

Question 69

Plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis

Answer 69

Chloroplasts

Question 70

Chloroplasts contain a green pigment which captures the light energy that carries out photosynthesis

Answer 70

Chlorophyll

Question 71

Regulates the cells concentration of water in changing environmental conditions

Answer 71

Central vacuole

Question 72

This organelle is the final destination where lipids and proteins go where they are sorted, packaged and tagged so that they are sent in the right place

Answer 72

Golgi apparatus

Question 73

These destroy pathogens using hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 73

Lysosomes

Question 74

3 types within the cytoskeleton

Answer 74

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

Question 75

Network of protein fibers

Answer 75

Cytoskeleton

Question 76

They are narrow and function in cellular movement

Answer 76

Microfilaments

Question 77

Provide some rigidity and shape to the cell

Answer 77

Microfilaments

Question 78

Have no role in cell movement, their function is purely structural by maintaining a cells shape and anchor the nucleus and other organelles in place

Answer 78

Intermediate filaments

Question 79

Small hollow tubes, they help resist compression, provide a track along which vesicles can pass freely and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell

Answer 79

Microtubules

Question 80

Microtubules are also structural elements of…

Answer 80

Flagella, cilia and centrioles

Question 81

Long, hair like structures that enable an entire cell to move

Answer 81

Flagella

Question 82

Short, hair like structures that move entire cells or substances along the cells outer surface

Answer 82

Cilia

Question 83

Holds the cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within to communicate with each other

Answer 83

Extracellular matrix

Question 84

Cells can also communicate using

Answer 84

Intercellular junctions

Question 85

Watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells

Answer 85

Tight junction

Question 86

Spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells

Answer 86

Desmosomes

Question 87

In animal cells and allow transporting ions, nutrients and other substances that enable cells to communicate

Answer 87

Gap junctions