STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL

Question 1

building blocks of DNA and RNA

Answer 1

Nucleotide

Question 2

the inherited genetic material inside each cell

Answer 2

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 3

______ acid; relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acidS

Answer 3

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 4

a segment of a DNA (or RNA) molecule that determines the traits and control protein synthesis; discrete unit of heredity

Answer 4

Gene

Question 5

total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

Answer 5

Genome

Question 6

the science of heredity

Answer 6

Genetics

Question 7

the sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes

Answer 7

Genomics

Question 8

• Bacteria have a single circular chromosome consisting of a single
  circular molecule of DNA with associated proteins.
• contains genes and noncoding regions called short tandem
  repeats (STRs)

Answer 8

DNA and Chromosome

Question 9

– genetic makeup

Answer 9

Genotype

Question 10

– manifestation of a genotype

Answer 10

Phenotype

Question 11

Genetic information is used within a cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function.

Answer 11

EXPRESSION

Question 12

Genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation

Answer 12

RECOMBINATION

Question 13

Genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells

Answer 13

REPLICATION

Question 14

• one “parental” double-stranded DNA molecule is converted to two identical offspring molecules

Answer 14

DNA Replication

Question 15

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

Answer 15

DNA Gyrase

Question 16

Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; Okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair

Answer 16

DNA Ligase

Question 17

Synthesize DNA; proofread and facilitate repair of DNA

Answer 17

DNA Polymerases

Question 18

Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions

Answer 18

Endonucleases

Question 19

Cut DNA from an exposed and of DNA, facilitate error

Answer 19

Exonucleases

Question 20

Unwinds double-stranded DNA

Answer 20

Helicase

Question 21

Adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA

Answer 21

Methylase

Question 22

Uses visible light energy to separate UV-induced pyrimidine dimers

Answer 22

Photolyase

Question 23

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

Answer 23

Primase

Question 24

RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together

Answer 24

Ribozyme

Question 25

Copies RNA from a DNA template

Answer 25

RNA Polymerase

Question 26

RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together

Answer 26

snRNP

Question 27

Relaxes supercoiling head of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

Answer 27

Topoisomerase or Gyrase

Question 28

Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single-stranded "sticky ends"

Answer 28

Transposase

Question 29

Gene Expression: The Central Dogma

Answer 29

DNA -> RNA -> PROTEIN

Question 30

synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

Answer 30

Transcription

Question 31

* protein synthesis * decoding the “language” of nucleic acids and converting it into the “language” of proteins

Answer 31

Translation

Question 32

a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a particular protein

Answer 32

Codon

Question 33

code for amino acids

Answer 33

Sense codons

Question 34

do not code for amino acids

Answer 34

Nonsense codons

Question 35

the set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein

Answer 35

Genetic code

Question 36

multiple codons encode for the same amino acid

Answer 36

Degenerate

Question 37

a single amino acid is indicated for each codon

Answer 37

Unambiguous

Question 38

reading of the genetic code during translation does not involve overlap of codons

Answer 38

Nonoverlapping

Question 39

there is no punctuation between codons and reading is continuous until a stop codon

Answer 39

Not punctuated

Question 40

used by all organisms (w/ some exceptions)

Answer 40

Universal

Question 41

Amino acid activation -> Chain initiation -> Chain elongation (repeated many times) -> Chain termination

Answer 41

TRANSLATION

Question 42

Stop Codons

Answer 42

UAA UAG UGA

Question 43

Start Codon

Answer 43

AUG