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Higher Biology > Structure And Function Of The Heart > Flashcards

Structure And Function Of The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood expelled by each ventricle on contraction

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2
Q

What is the cardiac out put?

A

Volume of blood plumped through the ventricle per minute

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3
Q

What is the formula to finding the cardiac output?

A

Heart rate X Stroke volume

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4
Q

What is systole?

A

The chambers of the heart contract

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5
Q

What is diastole?

A

Chambers of the heart relax

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6
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

One complete sequence of filling and pumping blood

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7
Q

What creates the sound of a heartbeat?

A

The opening and closing of the valves

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8
Q

How do we hear a heart beats?

A

Through a stethoscope

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9
Q

What is the rate of contraction controlled by?

A

SAN or pace maker

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10
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Friction between blood and vessel walls

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11
Q

What increases blood pressure?

A

When the smooth muscle in the artery or artioles contract, the vessels constrict, increasing resistance = high BP

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12
Q

More space equals

A

Lower blood pressure

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13
Q

Less space equals

A

Higher blood pressure

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14
Q

What can cause arteries or arterioles to constrict?

A

Adrenaline, high salt intake, natural loss of elasticity due to age

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15
Q

What doe we use to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

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16
Q

What is used to calculate the electrical impulses in the heart?

A

Electro diagram (ECG)

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17
Q

In ECG, P is?

A

Atrial systole

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18
Q

In ECG, qrs is?

A

Ventricular systole

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19
Q

In ECG, T is?

A

Ventricular repolarisation (recovery of the ventricle walls)

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20
Q

What does the sympathetic accelerator do?

A

SAN release noradrenaline

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21
Q

What do slowing parasympathetic nerves do?

A

They release acetylcholine

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22
Q

When does the sympathetic nervous system act on the adrenal glands?

A

If stresses or during exercise, causing the release of adrenaline

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23
Q

What regulates your heart?

A

Automatic hormones

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24
Q

What is the first reading in blood pressure?

A

When the cuff begins to deflate and blood starts to flow (systolic pressure)

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25
When is the second reading taken in blood pressure?
When pressure falls to where no sound if heard in the artery and blood flows freely (diastolic pressure)
26
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is prolonged high blood pressure
27
What may hypertension cause?
Many diseases including Conakry heart disease
28
What is the circulatory system for?
Needed for the continuous exchange of materials for a multicellular organism
29
What is the smooth muscles job?
To contract or relax causing vasoconstriction or vasodilation to control blood flow
30
What is vasoconstriction?
When the smooth muscle constricts = small
31
What is vasodilation?
When the smooth muscle dilates =big
32
How thick are capillary walls?
1 cell thick
33
What do arteries have that veins and capillaries don’t?
Stretch and recoil Pulse found Smooth muscle contraction
34
What do burns have that arteries and capillaries don’t?
Contains valves Larger lumen Needs action of muscle to keep blood flowing
35
What do capillaries have that arteries and viens don’t?
Exchange of materials | One later, 1 cell thick
36
What do arteries and veins have in common?
Endothelium surrounds lumen 3 layers: elastic vibes, muscle, endothelium
37
What do arteries, viens and capillaries have in common?
They carry blood
38
When is blood at high pressure?
When arriving from the arterides to the capillaries
39
What causes plasma to be turned into tissue fluid?
The pressure difference causes much of the plasma in the blood to be forced through the thin walls into the fluid surrounding the cells. This is called pressure filtration
40
What’s the difference between tissue fluid and plasma
Tissues fluid doesn’t contain protiens
41
What is plasma?
Fluid of the blood
42
What is diffusion?
High to a low concentration
43
Where does dissoluble food molecules, dissolved oxygen and useful ions go?
They go down a concentration gradient to nearby cells. The cells then diffuse out carbon dioxide, metabolic waste substances into the tissue fluid ready for excretion
44
Where does tissue fluid go?
Most of the tissue fluid returns to the plasma by osomosis
45
Where does excess tissue fluid go?
It’s absorbed by thin walled lymphatic vessels which are found in connective tissue. When the tissue fluid enters the lymphatic vessels it’s now called lymph
46
What is lymph?
Excess tissue fluid when it enters the lymphatic vessel
47
What causes the flow of lymph
The vessels being periodically compressed when muscles contract
48
What is atherosclerosis?
Fatty material beneath the endothelium
49
Atherosclerosis causes?
An atheroma
50
What’s does an atheroma do?
As it grows the artery thickens and loses elasticity. Diameter of lumen becomes reduced and blood flow is restricted = high blood pressure
51
Consequences of an atheroma?
``` Root cause of coronary vascular diseases Angina Heart attack Stroke Peripheral vascular disease ```
52
What is a thrombosis?
It’s an atheroma living in the lining of an artery. It makes it uneven and distuvs the blood flow. It gradually gets bigger and may burst to damage the endothelium.
53
What happens once a thrombus causes damage to the endothelium?
The damage releases clotting factors that activate the formation of a blood clot/ thrombus
54
What does blood clotting do?
To reduce loss of blood from wounds
55
What is blood clotting triggered by?
Damaged cells
56
What is the blood clotting process
Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrogen Fibrine Fibrine forms mesh work that clots blood
57
What is thrombosis?
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
58
What is an embolism?
A thrombus which has broken loose and is travelling through the blood stream until it blocks a blood vessel
59
A thrombus in the artery...
May lead to a stroke
60
What happens to cells deprived of oxygen?
Leads to the death of tissues
61
What’s the posh word for heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
62
What’s an atheroma?
Fatty material beneath the endothelium
63
What’s atherosclerosis?
Formation of atheroma
64
What’s a thrombus?
Blood clot in a blood vessel
65
What’s thrombosis?
Formation of blood clot
66
What’s embosus?
Thrombus which has broken loose
67
What’s embolism?
Embolus blocks a blood vessel
68
What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
The narrowing of the arteries due to atherosclerosis
69
Where is PVD most common?
In the legs
70
What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
A thrombus in a major vein
71
Where is DVT most common?
In the leg after a long period of inactivity
72
What would happen if thrombus broke off and went into the lungs?
Would result in a pulmonary embolism
73
What is LDL?
BAD cholesterol. Carries most of blood cholesterol
74
What is HDL?
GOOD cholesterol. Carries the rest of blood cholesterol
75
What reduces the chance of atherosclerosis?
A higher ratio of HDL to LDL to result in lower cholesterol
76
What are the treatments to higher ratio of LDL to HDL?
Dieters changes to replace saturated with unsaturated fats Regular exercise
77
What do statins do?
They inhibit the enzyme which creates cholesterol.

Higher Biology (6 decks)

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