Structure and functions and Human Systems

Question 1

Progressivism

Answer 1

the political ideology that supports the advocating of social change through government action, took root in the late 19th and early 20th Century and is best reflected in the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Question 2

Four key new deal policies and who did the new deal? When was it?

Answer 2

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1936

regulating how much a farmer could produce

allowing companies to collaborate with price fixing

the elimination of the gold standard

the creation of the welfare society through unemployment benefits and Social Security

Question 3

Civil Rights Act of 1964 did what?

Answer 3

This desegregated schools, ended the double standard of voting registration between whites and blacks, and furthered women’s rights.

Question 4

War Powers Act in 1973

Answer 4

to restrain the ability of presidents to commit military troops without congressional approval.

While initially designed as a check on the power of the Executive, the evolution of how the act has been interpreted has actually allowed many presidents to conduct military actions, largely without the scrutiny or accountability of the other branches as long as war is not officially declared.

Question 5

Interstate Commerce,

Answer 5

commerce between the states or between any state and a foreign government.

Question 6

Necessary and Proper Clause

Answer 6

This clause gives Congress the power to make any laws necessary and proper to carry out its other powers. What is necessary and proper is not clearly defined by the Constitution,

Question 7

Marbury v. Madison enacted what?

Answer 7

“Judicial Review” - the idea that the Supreme Court has the ability to declare laws passed by Congress to be in violation of the Constitution and to overturn unconstitutional legislation.

Question 8

filibuster

Answer 8

a process by which debate can continue indefinitely on an issue and prevent a vote unless the debate is closed by 60 members of the Senate.

This has inadvertently led to the filibuster being used to kill controversial legislation rather than as a means to exhaustively cover a topic.

Question 9

How are state governments set up?

Answer 9

State governments are set up similarly to the federal government with its own constitution and an executive, legislative, and judicial branch:

The executive is headed by a governor. The power of the governor varies from state to state.

The legislature passes laws.

The judicial branch manages statewide and county-wide courts.

Question 10

United Nations (The U.N.).

Answer 10

The United Nations was founded to promote human rights and to address issues of poverty and violence on a global scale

Question 11

Security Council

Answer 11

When the Allies formed the UN at the end of World War II, they created an executive branch separate from the General Assembly. This branch was tasked with maintaining international peace and security, accepting new members to the United Nations, and approving any changes to the charter.

Question 12

Bicameral

Answer 12

The split of the legislative branch into two houses, each with a different set-up and focus

Question 13

Veto

Answer 13

Ability of the president to reject laws passed by Congress. Congress can overturn a veto with a 2/3 vote.

Question 14

Executive Privilege

Answer 14

the power of the President to resist certain legal subpoenas and investigations by the legislative and judicial branches

Question 15

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 15

1803: Established Judicial Review, which allows the Supreme Court to rule a law unconstitutional and void the law

Question 16

Pork Barrel Spending

Answer 16

The act of increasing spending for a member’s district as a means of gaining local support

A U.S. Representative adds an amendment on a transportation bill to rebuild an old bridge in his district.

Question 17

Constitution: Article 3

Answer 17

The Powers, Eligibility Requirements and Limitations of the Judicial Branch

Question 18

Commerce Clause

Answer 18

A key clause of the Constitution. Regulates interstate commerce. This power has been used to justify the expansion of the legislature over nationwide issues, since they could impact interstate commerce.

Question 19

Great Compromise / Connecticut Compromise

Answer 19

An agreement between all states to use two different forms of representation for the two houses of Congress

Texas has the same amount of senators as New Hampshire.

Question 20

United Nations

Answer 20

A global organization established in 1945 following World War II. Dedicated to international peace and stability.

Question 21

Constitution: Article 1

Answer 21

The Powers, Eligibility Requirements and Limitations of the Legislative Branch

Question 22

Proportional Representation

Answer 22

a model in which parties gain seats based on the proportion of the vote received

Question 23

Constitution: Article 6

Answer 23

Maintenance of Previous Debts, Supremacy of the Constitution, and Oaths of Office

Question 24

Congressional Conference Committee

Answer 24

A group of both House and Senate members who work together to reconcile differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill and produce a unified version that can be passed by both chambers and sent to the President for approval.

Question 25

President Pro Tempore

Answer 25

The most senior member of the majority party who leads the Senate when the Vice President is absent

Question 26

Governor

Answer 26

The head of the executive branch in each state. The governor of Texas.

Question 27

War Powers Act

Answer 27

restrains the ability of presidents to commit military troops without congressional approval

Question 28

Constitution: Article 5

Answer 28

The Amendment Process

Question 29

Constitution: Article 4

Answer 29

The roles, rights, and privileges of the States and Their Citizens

Question 30

Constitution: Article 2

Answer 30

The Powers, Eligibility Requirements and Limitations of the Executive Branch

Question 31

Constitution: Article 7

Answer 31

The Ratification Process

Question 32

Supreme Court

Answer 32

The highest court in the land, established by the Constitution. Justices to the Supreme Court are appointed by the President, approved by the Senate, and serve for life or until retirement.

Question 33

Minority Leader

Answer 33

The leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives

Question 34

Electoral College

Answer 34

The system for electing the President by using electors from each state based on the number of Congressional representatives the state has

Question 35

Security Council

Answer 35

A permanent standing committee of the United Nations, charged with ensuring peace and security in the world. Currently composed of 5 permanent members and 10 rotating member seats

Question 36

House of Representatives

Answer 36

One house of Congress with proportional representation

Question 37

In the United States, all federal tax legislation must originate in which body of government? A the Supreme Court B the House of Representatives C the media D the Executive Branch

Answer 37

the House of Representatives Option b is the correct answer. Explanation: The House was originally the only directly-elected branch of national government, so the writers of the Constitution felt it right that all tax legislation must originate in the House.

Question 38

The legislative branch, a name for the body responsible for drafting all national bills and laws, refers to which of the following? A Congress B the Supreme Court C the president D political parties

Answer 38

A Congress correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: All legislation must originate from one of the houses of Congress, be passed by both and signed by the president to become law.

Question 39

What power does the elastic clause grant to congress? A the power to regulate interstate commerce B the power to override state law C the power to override a presidential veto D the power to create all laws that are "necessary and proper"

Answer 39

D the power to create all laws that are "necessary and proper" correct Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: The elastic clause states that Congress has the power to create all laws that are "necessary and proper." This is the clause that is used by congress to extend beyond listed powers to implied powers.

Question 40

Feedback Loop (In Systems)

Answer 40

the part of a system in which some (or all) of the system's output is used as input for future operations body temperature regulation - the body temperature is achieved and then measured for future changes needed

Question 41

Assembly Line

Answer 41

Refined by Henry Ford in 1909 to improve the process of mass production.

Question 42

Greenhouse Gases

Answer 42

gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth's atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm carbon dioxide

Question 43

Mortality Rate

Answer 43

The number of deaths per 1000 individuals in a population per year

Question 44

Cultural Convergence

Answer 44

occurs when two distinct cultures become more similar due to increased contact

Question 45

Sociological Structures

Answer 45

The organization and relationships in social institutions that guide individuals in the way they behave and interact with each other. Schools must have expected social structure in order for students to have the best opportunity to learn.

Question 46

Social Stratification

Answer 46

The ranking of people in a society into various levels, often based on wealth or power. It is basically social status. Real estate moguls are at a higher stratification level than a person who rents a house.

Question 47

Reclamation

Answer 47

creating new, useable land or returning land to a former use reforestation, reclaiming submerged land

Question 48

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Answer 48

Describes historical population trends over time based on birth rate and death rate

Question 49

Erie Canal

Answer 49

A man-made navigable water route from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean (via New York City's Hudson River)

Question 50

Telephone

Answer 50

Invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. Allowed instantaneous voice communication over a long distance for the first time

Question 51

Equal Employment Opportunity Act

Answer 51

Prohibits discrimination in jobs and education for any kind of discrimination including: race, religion, sex including sexual orientation, gender, maternity status, or disability. Women are now taking on more jobs that men previously held due to the Equal Employment Opportunity Act.

Question 52

Surface Mining

Answer 52

extracting resources from near the surface of the earth open-pit mining, strip mining, highwall mining

Question 53

Transcontinental Railroad

Answer 53

Built between 1863 and 1869 and connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Question 54

Airplane

Answer 54

Invited in 1903 by the Wright Brothers. Sped up travel over long distances.

Question 55

Baby Boomers

Answer 55

The generation born following WWII (1940s). This population bubble has had a significant impact on American culture, economy, and politics as the baby boomers have aged. Their concerns became the primary concerns of the nation.

Question 56

Fertility Rate

Answer 56

The average number of children that will be born to 1000 woman in a population per year

Question 57

Panama Canal

Answer 57

A man-made waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.

Question 58

Suez Canal

Answer 58

A man made navigable water route from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea

Question 59

Cultural Adaptation

Answer 59

Immigrants to a new community adjust to the norms of the new culture, and adopt them as their own Adaptation refers to a change in practices to acclimate to a new physical or social environment.

Question 60

Assimilation

Answer 60

A process in which existing schemas are applied to new objects or situations

Question 61

Which of the following activities can contribute to an increase in the carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere? I. the burning of fossil fuels II. volcanic activity III. condensation

Answer 61

I and II correct Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: The amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere can be increased by the burning of fossil fuels and by volcanic activity.

Question 62

The British people's embrace of tea drinking is an example of a assimilation b diffusion c adaptation d culture

Answer 62

Diffusion Option b is the correct answer. Explanation: Diffusion is the process by which ideas and practices spread, including cultural norms. The British didn't drink tea until they encountered it in China.

Question 63

Which of the following describes a way that demographers use population pyramids? a to predict changes in rates of immigration and emigration b to determine the causes of fluctuations in a population c to evaluate how the needs of a population will change in coming years d to predict behavioral changes in a population

Answer 63

C. to evaluate how the needs of a population will change in coming years Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: Population pyramids show the distribution of a population by age and gender. This information can be used to prepare for changes like the number of schools and teachers that will be needed in the coming years, and the number of hospitals and retirement homes that will be needed as the population ages.

Question 64

The Matrix of Domination is based on which concept? a the achievement gap b globalization c intersectionality d the glass ceiling

Answer 64

c intersectionality Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: Intersectionality is the basis for the Matrix of Domination – a tool for analyzing the social effects of race, gender, class, and other identity markers. The matrix hinges on the belief that the social effects of these identifiers cannot be understood separately but must be analyzed as a matrix of interrelated effects.

Question 65

Which of the following geographic features most likely contributed to the lack of cultural consistency and political unity among the Greek city-states? a competition among fisherman at seaports b diverse economic resources resulting in city-states specializing in one production area c importance of kinship bonds in Greek culture d the mountainous terrain of Greece

Answer 65

d the mountainous terrain of Greece Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: The mountainous terrain encouraged each Greek city to be self-contained and isolated from other cities, because communication and trade with other city-states was so difficult, due to the mountains dividing the cities. The isolation of cities led to a diverging of cultures as each city developed its own politics and societal norms. Geographic areas tend to have similar cultures because trade and travel are so prevalent between areas, such as the common cultural characteristics in the United States. The lack of trade and travel in ancient Greece, caused by the mountainous terrain, resulted in each city-state having a unique political structure and varying societal norms.

Question 66

The process in which a minority group or culture is absorbed into or comes to resemble a majority group's values, behaviors, and beliefs is called: a cultural assimilation. b cultural anthropology. c cultural relativism. d cultural diffusion.

Answer 66

a cultural assimilation. correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Cultural assimilation occurs when a minority group or culture takes on the behaviors, values, traditions, and beliefs of a society's majority group. The term is often used to describe what happens when immigrant groups move to new locations. It can also be used to discuss the effects of migration and settlement on indigenous groups.

Question 67

What are sociological structures based upon? a religious celebrations b cultural values c geographic proximity d political parties

Answer 67

b cultural values correct Option b is the correct answer. Explanation: Sociological structures are based upon cultural values and the specific rules that organize the culture.

Question 68

Diffusion is best understood as: a the spread of culture, ideas, and customs. b the process by which one nation takes control of another. c the movement of people from one place to another. d an economic activity involving moving goods from one place to another.

Answer 68

a the spread of culture, ideas, and customs. Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Diffusion is the movement of culture, ideas, and customs, which often happens through trade or migration.

Question 69

About 20,000 years ago, the Americas were populated by migrations from where? a Eurasia b Polynesia c Africa d Europe

Answer 69

a Eurasia Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: After crossing the land bridge that once existed between Eurasia and the Americas, Paleo-Indians settled what is modern-day Alaska.