Structure & Function

Question 1

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 1

Contains coded genetic information (DNA) + controls the metabolic activities of the cell

Question 2

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 2

Produces ribosomes

Question 3

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 3

Modifies & packages proteins

Question 4

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 4

Site of cellular respiration, producing ATP

Question 5

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

Jelly-like fluid where chemical reactions happen

Question 6

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 6

• Shape & stability
• Holds organelles in place
• Controls cell movement
• Controls organelle movement

Question 7

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 7

Responsible for protein synthesis

Question 8

What is the function of the SER?

Answer 8

Responsible for synthesis & storage of lipids & carbohydrates

Question 9

What is the function of the RER?

Answer 9

Responsible for synthesis & transport of proteins

Question 10

What is the function of the centriole?

Answer 10

A component of cytoskeleton involved in assembly& organisation of spindle fibres during cell division (9+2 arrangement)

Question 11

What are the 3 differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 11

Plant cells have:

• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
• Cell wall

Question 12

What 7 key organelles do prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 12

• Capsule
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
• Nucleoid
• Plasma membrane
• Flagellum
• Cell wall

Question 13

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 13

Provides strength and rigidity but is permeable to many small molecules

Question 14

What are prokaryotic cell walls made up of?

Answer 14

Peptidoglycan

Question 15

What are plant cell walls made up of?

Answer 15

Cellulose

Question 16

Describe light mircoscopy

Answer 16

Uses UV light and several lenses to magnify the image of a specimen

Question 17

Describe electron microscopy

Answer 17

Uses electromagnetic lenses to focus a high velocity electron beam under a high vacuum

Question 18

What are the 2 types of electron microscopy?

Answer 18

• Transmission

- Scanning

Question 19

Describe bright-field microscopy

Answer 19

Uses a compound microscope to view fixed specimens or live cells

Question 20

What is the difference between confocal and immunofluorescence microscopy

Answer 20

Fluorescence Microscope:
- Fluorescent antibodies ‘stain’ specific organelles/structures within the cell
Confocal Microscope:
- Creates a sharper image as it looks at a single focal plane

Question 21

What is the wavelength of light?

Answer 21

400-700nm

Question 22

What is the wavelength of a TEM and a SEM?

Answer 22

0.005nm

Question 23

Describe the specimen in a light microscope

Answer 23

Living/non-living on slide

Question 24

Describe the specimen in a TEM

Answer 24

• Non-living
• Copper grid
• Vacuum

Question 25

Describe the specimen in a SEM

Answer 25

- Non-living - Metal disc - Vacuum

Question 26

What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?

Answer 26

200nm

Question 27

What is the maximum resolution of a TEM?

Answer 27

0.5nm

Question 28

What is the maximum resolution of a SEM?

Answer 28

3-10nm

Question 29

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

Answer 29

X 1500

Question 30

What is the maximum magnification of a TEM?

Answer 30

At least X 500,000

Question 31

What is the maximum magnification of a SEM?

Answer 31

X 100,000

Question 32

What is the type of image displayed from a light microscope?

Answer 32

2D colour

Question 33

What is the type of image displayed from a TEM?

Answer 33

2D black and white

Question 34

What is the type of image displayed from a SEM?

Answer 34

3D black and white | Colour can be added on a computer

Question 35

Stains for a light microscope

Answer 35

Coloured dyes

Question 36

Stains for TEM

Answer 36

Heavy metals

Question 37

Stains for SEM

Answer 37

Carbon or gold

Question 38

What is the function of a stage micrometer?

Answer 38

Calibrates the eyepiece graticule so that it can be used to make measurements

Question 39

What protein forms microtubules?

Answer 39

Tubulin

Question 40

What protein forms microfilaments?

Answer 40

Actin

Question 41

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

Answer 41

- Double membrane - Stromatolites - fluid enclosed - Thylakoids - flattened sacs - Granum - several thylakoids stacked together - Lamellae - join grant together

Question 42

How are prokaryotes different to eukaryotes? (8 points)

Answer 42

Prokaryotes: - Unicellular - Nucleus not present - DNA circular (loop of DNA) - Has extra DNA called plasmids - Organelles are non membrane-bound - Ribosomes are smaller (70s) - Reproduce through binary fission - Cell wall made from murein

Question 43

Describe the production and secretion of proteins

Answer 43

1- Nucleus contains the gene for the protein (site of transcription, DNA into mRNA) 2- Protein synthesis translation (mRNA into a.a chain) takes place on ribosomes often on RER 3- Protein transported to golgi in vesicle 4- Golgi modified the protein 5- Protein is packaged into a golgi vesicle 6- Vesicle transported to cell-surface membrane 7- Vesicle fuses to membrane and enzyme leaves cell through exocytosis

Question 44

What does the phospholipid bilayer consist of?

Answer 44

- Hydrophilic phosphate head - Hydrophobic lipid tails - Integral membrane proteins