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Respiratory system > Structure of airway > Flashcards

Structure of airway Flashcards

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1
Q

describe inhalation

A
  1. Contaction of intercostal muscles brings rib cage upwards and outwards
  2. contraction of diaphragm which brings it downwards
  3. This creates a negative intra-thoracic pressure that sucks air into the lungs through the conductive passages.
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2
Q

describe expiration

A

intercostal muscle relax and rib cage moves downwards and inwards, diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards. The volume of the thorax decreases and the pressure increases. This forces air out of the lungs

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3
Q

is expiration usually passive?

A

yes

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4
Q

though what body part do you enter the nasal cavity?

A

Via the nares (sing. naris)

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5
Q

What holds the nasal cavities open?

A

Bone and cartilage

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6
Q

What cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar, interspersed with goblet cells

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7
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

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8
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

midline structure which separates the left and right nasal cavities

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9
Q

what is the anterior of the nasal septum made of?

A

septal cartilage

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10
Q

what is the posterior of the nasal septum made of?

A

bone

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11
Q

what may be compromised if the nasal septum is deviated from the midline?

A

sinus drainage

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12
Q

what 3 things must happen to incoming air in the nasal cavity?

A

filtered, humidified and warmed

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13
Q

where are the conchae found?

A

on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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14
Q

how many conchae are on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

3 (superior, middle and inferior)

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15
Q

What do conchae do?

A

They increase the turbulence of the air, increases surface area for warming the air

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16
Q

what do you find lateral to each concha?

A

a meatus

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17
Q

What are meati important?

A

they are entrance points into the sinuses

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18
Q

point of sinuses

A

Large voids (increase SA) where air can be warmed, filtered, also important to make the skull lighter

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19
Q

What is clearance of mucus in the maxillary sinus dependent on?

A

Ciliary action

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20
Q

Which duct drains tears from conjunctiva of eye to nasal cavity?

A

nasolacrimal duct

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21
Q

Why is epistaxis common?

A

The nasal cavity is highly vascularised

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22
Q

what is epistaxis?

A

nosebleed

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23
Q

name of bulb and nerves for the sense of smell. where are they located?

A

olfactory bulb, olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium. Located on roof and upper parts of lateral wall of nasal cavity

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24
Q

Name 3 parts of pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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25
What separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
soft palete
26
what does the oropharynx transport?
air plus food and fluid
27
which part of the pharynx lies behind the oral cavity?
oropharynx
28
which part of the pharynx lies behind the nasal cavity?
nasopharynx
29
which part of the pharynx lie behind the larynx?
laryngopharynx
30
describe the structure of the pharynx
a tube of muscular and fibrous tissue
31
What section of the pharynx transports only air?
nasopharynx
32
what does the oropharynx transport ?
air plus food and fluid
33
what travels down the laryngopharynx?
food and fluid
34
what does the the larynx transport?
air
35
what do the laryngeal diameters do?
They allow the passage of air only and control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure.
36
what is the structure/opening that connects the pharynx to the larynx?
laryngeal inlet
37
What does the epiglottis do?
It prevents food and liquid going into the larynx
38
when do you want to raise intra-abdominal pressure?
when you want to pee or poo
39
What are the main cartilages in the larynx?
Thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid
40
name the bone in the larynx
hyoid
41
what sit on the cricoid?
arytenoids (cartilages)
42
what sit on arytenoid?
corniculates (cartilages)
43
what sit on corniculates?
cuneiform (cartilages
44
what attach to the arytenoids?
vocal chords
45
what membrane can be broken ignorer to give access to the airway?
cricothyroid membrane
46
What structure helps to close the epiglottis?
Ary-epiglotic fold
47
Where is the vocal fold situated?
upper edge of the cricovocal membrane
48
where is the aryepiglottic fold situated?
upper edge of the quadrangular membrane
49
where is the vestibular fold situated?
lower edge of the quadrangular membrane
50
what folds for the laryngeal inlet?
aryepiglottic folds
51
how does the laryngeal inlet close?
the larynx is lifted up and forward by muscles in the aryepiglottic folds darning swallowing
52
where are the mucosal glands which help lubricate the vocal folds?
the saccule
53
What do the vocal folds control the laryngeal diameter for?
speech, coughing, sneezing and raising the intra-abdominal pressure
54
Why might you need to increase the intra-abdominal pressure?
for defecation and lifting heavy objects
55
what is the area where the vocal chords are located ie the middle part of the larynx called?
rima glottidis
56
Name the 3 main actions of the laryngeal muscles
1. close/open the laryngeal inlet (Ary-epiglottic folds) 2. shorten/ lengthen vocal chords 3. close/open the rime glottidis (arytenoid gliding and rotation)
57
what does the posterior cricoid-arytenoid muscle do?
opens the rima glottidis
58
how many muscles does the laryngeal nerve supply?
1
59
Which nerve is involved in sensation above the vocal chords?
superior laryngeal nerve
60
Which nerve supplies all but 1 muscle in the larynx?
recurrent laryngeal nerve (which has two parts- left and right)
61
where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve control sensation?
below the vocal chords
62
when are laryngeal nerves at risk?
thyroid surgery
63
is the trachea anterior to the oesophagus?
yes
64
is the trachea lateral to the carotid arteries?
no
65
is the trachea superior to the larynx?
no
66
does the thyroid gland surround the upper portion if the trachea?
yes
67
what 3 bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?
ethmoid, sphenoid, frontonasal
68
what is the epiglottis made of?
elastic cartilage
69
what forms the protective sphincter between the pharynx and the larynx?
laryngeal inlet

Respiratory system (2 decks)

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