Structure of personality Flashcards
Lexical hypothesis= (2)
1) personality characteristics most important to the person will become part of their language
2) most important personality characteristics described in a single word (e.g. neurotic)>
Lexical approach: “Measurement of character”- Galton 1884=
> included 1000 words that differ in meaning describing character
lexical approach> overall
> overall: look at idea language itself can be used to explore & understand individual difference between people
why did Galton’s 1984 ‘lexical hypothesis’ not take hold for several decades?>
Due to Galton’s advocation for ‘eugenics’; idea human race should engage in selective breeding to reach “full potential”
>thus people were skeptical about him & thus his other ideas
Lexcial approach: Allport & Odbert, 1936> main idea
idea “fundamental” descriptors should have many words
Lexcial approach: Allport & Odbert, 1936> Groups 1-4
- Group 1: Personality traits (4504): (e.g. ‘brave’, “ferocious”)
- Group 2: Temporary States (4541) (e.g.”impressed”, “mad”)
- Group 3: Social evaluations (5226) (e.g. “brainless” “admirable”)
- Group 4: misc (3862) (e.g. “incapacitated”, “afflicted”)
Lexcial approach: Problems with Allport & Odbert, 1936>
very broad scope of words; difficult to implement in real-world setting & used to study/predict behaviour
Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> (1) Factor analysis
- built on allport & odbert initial list of P traits; cut down to ‘core essentials’
- early use of factor analysis
- focused on meaningful CLUSTERS of personality traits
Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> (2) Post-factor analysis (4)
- Analysis found 16 factors known as PRIMARY traits
- idea score would emerge as personality description, which would act as insight into different personalities
- found his factors were hierarchical
- went on to develop global traits (5)
Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> Primary traits> list> (16)
- warm
- lively
- bold
- private
- self-reliant
- emotionally stable
- vigilant
- apprehensive
- sensitive
- tension
- abstracted
- open to change
- dominant
- vigilant
- rule-conscious
- perfectionistic
Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> Global traits> list> (5)
- Extraversion
- Anxiety/ neuroticism
- Tough mindedness
- Independence
- Self-control
Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> (1) primary & global traits> Pros>
- Good, robust test
- Difficult for participants to ascertain what is & isnt desirable> thus stops them engaging in ‘social desirability biases’ behaviours
Lexcial approach: Raymond Cattel, 1947-1957> Primary & Global traits> Cons
- very difficult to replicate
Hans Eysenck & typological biological theory of personality> (3)
- looked at limbic system structure (inherited by parents) & how this affects personality manifestation
- proposed 2 factors, then 3 factors
- proposed the PEN model
Hans Eysenck & PEN model> (3)
- Extraversion vs Introversion
- Neuroticism vs emotional stability
- Psychoticism vs normality
>each related to a biological function
Hans Eysenck: TBTOP> Extraversion vs introversion (3)
- based on cortical arousal (cerebal cortex & firing of neurons in response to external stimuli> increases heart rate, sweating etc)
- related to social interest & positive effect
- or could be dopamine-responsivity based?
Hans Eysenck: TBTOP> Neuroticism vs emotional stability>
- based on activation thresholds (SNS- ‘fight’ or ‘flight’)
- activation threshold differences between neurotic & emotionally stable
Hans Eysenck: TBTOP> Psychoticism vs normality> (3)
- Based on increased testosterone levels
- Focused on likelihood of experiencing a psychotic breakdown (more testosterone= more likely)
- Also connected to likelihood of engaging in aggressive acts
The five factor model> (3)
- widespread attempt to unify everyone’s findings
- spanned BLIS typology: self/informant reports, educational, employment outcomes
- heavy use of psychometric testing of predictive validities, reliabilities etc
The five factor model> 5 primary factors (OCEAN) (goldberg, 1990)
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
5 factor model> Trait relationships> (2)+(1)
- 5 traits are ORTHOGONAL (statistically independent)
- Exception: saucier, 2002, argues there is crossover due to construction of questionnaire (scale construction process)
- specifically S argues: negative correlations often appear between neuroticism & extraversion
5 factor model> Openness> Description & outcomes>
Description=
- intelligent, witty
- creative, perceptive,
- “open”
Outcomes=
- more liberal, educated,
- more intellectually “gullible”
- substance abuse
Which is the most controversial & unreliable of the big 5>
Openness: as difficult to measure creativity
5 factor model> Openness> Supporting evidence> (3)
- pro-environmental attitudes:
-high openness > predictor of conservation attitudes - Approach to learning:
-structural & correlational modelling tests- O found to be linked to deep learning - cultural competence:
-openness main predictor of openness to universal-diverse orientation (appreciation of human diversity q
