Structure of the Central Nervous System

Question 1

What is rostral?

Answer 1

→ Towards the front

Question 2

What is caudal?

Answer 2

→ towards the back

Question 3

Why do humans have a curve between dorsal and ventral?

Answer 3

→ we are bipedal

Question 4

Where are humans symmetrical?

Answer 4

→ towards the midline

Question 5

What do you call two things on the same side of the mid line?

Answer 5

→ ipsilateral

Question 6

What do you call two things opposite of the midline?

Answer 6

→ Contralateral

Question 7

What are two ways of describing a neuron projecting from the thalamus to the cortex?

Answer 7

→Thalamic efferent

→ Cortical afferent

Question 8

What does an afferent describe?

Answer 8

→ Where the neuron is projecting to

Question 9

What does an efferent describe?

Answer 9

→ Where a neuron is projecting from

Question 10

What are your eyes in reference to your nose?

Answer 10

→ Lateral

Question 11

What do afferent sensory fibres do?

Answer 11

→ Take sensory information from the periphery to the brain

Question 12

What do efferent motor fibres do?

Answer 12

→ Motor instructions from the brain to the periphery

Question 13

What are the cranial nerves?

Answer 13

→ Olfactory I
→ Optic II
→ Oculomotor III 
→ Trochlear IV
→ Trigeminal V
→ Abducens VI
→ Facial VII
→ Vestibulocochlear VIII
→ Glossopharyngeal IX
→ Vagus X
→Accessory XI
→ Hypoglossal XII

Question 14

What type of nerves are the cranial nerves?

Answer 14

→ Sensory 
→ Sensory 
→ Motor
→ both
→ Motor
→ Both
→ Sensory 
→ both
→ both
→ motor
→ motor

Question 15

Where does the olfactory nerve project and what do they do?

Answer 15

→ Olfactory cortex - perception of smell
→ Hypothalamus - emotional aspects of smell
→ Amygdala
→ Hippocampus - odour memory

Question 16

Where does the optic nerve project?

Answer 16

Retinal ganglion cells 
              ↓
Lateral geniculate nucleus 
              ↓
visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Question 17

What type of innervation does the oculomotor nerve have and what do they do?

Answer 17

→ Motor - eyeball and eyelid movement

→ Parasympathetic - pupillary constriction and accomodation

Question 18

What does the trochlear nerve do and what type of nerrve is it?

Answer 18

→ eyeball movement

→ motor

Question 19

What type of nerve is the abducens and what does it do?

Answer 19

→ Eyeball movement

→ motor

Question 20

What mediates up and down eye movement and what muscles are used?

Answer 20

→ CN III (oculomotor)

→ superior and inferior rectus muscles

Question 21

What nerve and muscle mediates lateral eye movement?

Answer 21

→ CN III

→ Medial rectus

Question 22

What nerve and muscle mediates diagonal downward movement?

Answer 22

→ CN III

→ Inferior oblique

Question 23

What nerve mediates inward eye movement and what muscle is used?

Answer 23

→ CN IV (trochlear)

→ Superior oblique

Question 24

What nerve mediates lateral eye movement and what muscle is used?

Answer 24

→ CN VI (abducens)

→ Lateral rectus

Question 25

What are palpebrae muscles controlled by?

Answer 25

→ CN II

Question 26

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 26

→ Opthalmic → Mandibular → Maxillary

Question 27

Where is sensory information transmitted to in the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 27

→ From the periphery down the trigeminal efferent to the somatosensory cortex

Question 28

What types of axons does the facial nerve have and what are their functions?

Answer 28

→ Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue → Motor - muscles of facial expression & stapedius muscle → Parasympathetic - salivary lands, lacrimal glands, glands of the nose and palate

Question 29

What type axon does the vestibulocochlear nerve have?

Answer 29

→ Sensory

Question 30

What are the functions and pathways of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Answer 30

``` Hearing cochlea cells ↓ medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) ↓ auditory cortex (temporal lobe) ``` ``` Balance vestibular hair cells ↓ Ventral posterolateral nucleus ↓ Vestibular cortex (temporal lobe) ```

Question 31

What types of axons does the glossopharyngeal nerve have and what are their functions?

Answer 31

→ Sensory - pharynx, auditory tube in the middle ear, posterior third of the tongue, blood pressure changes in the aorta →motor - swallowing → parasympathetic - salivary glands

Question 32

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve and what are the functions?

Answer 32

→ Sensory - sensation of pain associated with viscera →Motor - muscles for speech and swallowing → Parasympathetic - smooth muscle in : heart, lungs and abdominal organs

Question 33

What type of axon does the accessory nerve have and what does it control?

Answer 33

→ Motor → Cranial : muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate → Spinal : head and neck muscles

Question 34

What type of axon does the hypoglossal nerve have and what does it do?

Answer 34

→ Motor | → Tongue for movement, swallowing and speedch

Question 35

What are the three membranes in the skull?

Answer 35

→ Dura mater → Arachnoid membrane → Pia mater

Question 36

What is the dura mater like?

Answer 36

→ tough and inelastic

Question 37

What does the arachnoid membrane do?

Answer 37

→ Adheres layers together

Question 38

What is the pia mater like and what does it do?

Answer 38

→ thin membrane | → adheres closely to the brain

Question 39

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

Answer 39

→ CSF

Question 40

Where is CSF made?

Answer 40

→ in the choroid plexus

Question 41

Where does CSF go to and from?

Answer 41

→ Flows from the cerebrum ventricles down to the brainstem and spinal cord

Question 42

Where does the CSF enter the subarachnoid space?

Answer 42

→ Via apertures near the cerebellum

Question 43

Where is CSF absorbed?

Answer 43

→ by blood vessels in the subarachnoid space

Question 44

What is the function of CSF?

Answer 44

→ to protect the brain from chemical and physical injury → regulates intracranial pressure → exchanging nutrients and waste products between blood and CNS

Question 45

What is happening when someone is coding?

Answer 45

→ Intracranial pressure is so high that the brain has been pushed downwards into the brainstem

Question 46

What arteries supply blood to the brain?

Answer 46

→ Vertebral arteries and carotid arteries

Question 47

What structure to the arteries of the brain form and what kind of flow is there?

Answer 47

→ Circle of willis | → turbulent flow

Question 48

What is the lateral surface of the cerebrum supplied by?

Answer 48

→ Middle cerebral artery

Question 49

What is most of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere supplied by?

Answer 49

→ anterior cerebral artery

Question 50

What does the lymphatic system in the brain do and where is it?

Answer 50

→ within the dura mater | → Delivers immune cells