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Biopsych > Structure of the Nervous System (Ch. 3) > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System (Ch. 3) Flashcards

1
Q

neuraxis

A

imaginary line drawn through the center of the CNS, from the bottom of the spinal cord tothe front of the forebrain

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2
Q

Meninges

A

the 3 layers of tissue that encase the CNS;

  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid membrane
  3. pia mater
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3
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer of the meninges; tough & flexible

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4
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer; looks weblike, soft and spongy

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5
Q

pia mater

A

layer that clings to the brain’s surface, smaller surface blood vessels of brain and spinal cords location

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6
Q

subarachnoid space

A

fluid filled space that cushions the brain; located b/t arachnoid membrane and pia mater, filled with CSF

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7
Q

CSF

A

clear fluid, similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricular syst of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Protection and nutrients.

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8
Q

What are the 2 differences between the CNS and PNS

A

CNS protected by BONES and contains CSF

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9
Q

ventricles

A

one of the hollow spaces w/in the brain filled with CSF; hollow interconnected chambers

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10
Q

lateral ventricles

A

2 ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon; largest chambers; connected to 3rd ventricle

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11
Q

3rd ventricle

A

ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon; located @ the midline of the brain

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12
Q

massa intemedia

A

bridge of neural tissue that crosses through the middle of the 3rd ventricle

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13
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

narrow tube interconnecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain located in the center of the mesencephalon

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14
Q

4th ventricle

A

ventricle located b/t the cerebellum and dorsal pons in the center of the mesencephalon

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15
Q

Choroid plexus

A

highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CSF continually

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16
Q

neural tube

A

hollow tube, closed at rostral end that forms from ectodermal (outerlayer) tissue early in embryonic dvlpmt. Serves as the origin of the CNS

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17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

larger in humans than any other species

plays a vital role in cognition and control of mov’t

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18
Q

ventricular zone

A

layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to the cells outside of the CNS

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19
Q

Progenitor cells

A

cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells outside the CNS

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20
Q

Symmetrical division

A

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to 2 identical progenitor cells; increases size of ventricular zone and therefore brain develops from this

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21
Q

Asymmetrical division

A

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron; which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain

7 weeks after conceptions; lasts about 3months

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22
Q

radial glia

A

special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain devlpmt.

attach to pia mater

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23
Q

Cajal-Retzius (C-R) cells

A

specialized neurons that est themselves during cortical dvlpmt in a layer near the terminals of the radial glia, just inside the pia mater.

secrete a chem that controls the est of migrating neurons in the layer of the cortex; cause neurons to detach from the radial glia fibers and est themselves on the outermost layer of the cortex

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24
Q

How long does asymmetrical division last?

A

about 3 months.

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25
Q

What signals the end of cortical dvlpmt?

A

When progenitor cells begin apoptosis

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26
Q

apoptosis

A

death of a cell caused by a chem signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell

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27
Q

The size of the brain is determined by what?

A

The size of the ventricular zone

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28
Q

Forebrain

A

most rostral of the 3 major divisons of the brain; includes telencephalon and diencephalon

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29
Q

Telencephalon

A

includes most of the 2 symmetrical cerebral hemis that make up the cerebrum

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30
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

one of 2 major protions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex.

contains the limbic system and basal ganglia

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31
Q

subcoritcal region

A

region in the brain beneath cortical surface

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32
Q

cerebral cortex

A

greatly convoluted gray matter

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33
Q

sulci

A

grooves in the surface of the cerebral hemi, smaller than a fissure

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34
Q

fissure

A

maj. groove in the surface of the brain

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35
Q

gyri

A

convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemis separated by sulci or fissure

36
Q

primary visual cortex

A

post. occipital lobe

primary input from visual system

37
Q

calcarine fissure

A

medial occipital lobe

most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

38
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

superior temporal lobe

whose primary input is from the auditory system

39
Q

lateral fissure

A

fissure that separates the temporal lobe and parietal lobes

40
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

anterior parietal lobe

primary input is from the somatosensory system

41
Q

central sulcus

A

sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

42
Q

Is sensory info contra or ipsilateral

A

contralateral

43
Q

primary motor cortex

A

post. frontal lobe

controls movement of skeletal muscle (contralateral)

44
Q

frontal lobe

A

anterior portal of the cerebral cortex; rostral to the parietal lobe & dorsal to the temporal lobe

45
Q

parietal lobe

A

caudal to frontal lobe; dorsal to temporal lobe

46
Q

temporal lobe

A

rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes

47
Q

occipital lobe

A

caudalto parietal and frontal lobes

48
Q

sensory association cortex

A

regions of the cerebral cortex the receive info from the regions of the primary sensory cortex

perception and memories are stored here

49
Q

What happens when the sensory association cortex is damaged?

A

Results in deficits to somatosensation and to the environment in general

50
Q

motor association cortex

A

region of the frontal lobe rostral to primary motor cortex

controls primary motor cortex, therefore directly controls behavior

51
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

rostoral to motor association cortex

52
Q

Fcns of the left hemisphere

A

analyes the situation/information

good @ recognizing serial events and controlling sequences of behavior; verbal activity

53
Q

Fcns of the right hemisphere

A

specialized for systhesis

can draw sketches, read maps and construct complex objects

54
Q

Neocortex

A

phylogentically newest cortex; including primary sensory, motor and association cortex

55
Q

Limbic cortex

A

phylogenetically old cortex; located @ the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

Limnic System

A

group of brain regions including the anterior thalmus nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus,limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalmus

57
Q

hippocampus

A

forebrain structure of the temporal lobe constituting an important part of the limbic system; includesthe hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyrus and subiculum.

involved in learning and memory

58
Q

amygdala

A

structure in the interior of the rostoral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei

involved in emotions

59
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon and the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus and putamen

important to motor control

60
Q

nuclei

A

identifiable group of neural bodies in the CNS; groups of neurons w/ similar shape

61
Q

Diencephalon

A

region of the forebrain surrounding the 3rd ventricle; includes thalmus and hypothalmus

62
Q

Thalmus

A

largest portion of the diencephalon located above the hypothalmus; contains nuclei that project info to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive info from it.

Relay station for sensory info. Most neural input to the cerebral cortex is received by the thalmus

63
Q

projection fibers

A

axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region

64
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalmus that receives fibers from the retina and project fibers into the primary visual cortex

65
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex.

66
Q

Hypothalmus

A

group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalmus

involved in regulation of the ANS, control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands & integration of species typical behaviors

controls the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

67
Q

optic chiasm

A

an X-shaped connection b/t the optic nerves located below the base of the brain.

where 1/2 of the optic nerves axons cross from 1 side of the brain to the other

68
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

ant. part of the pituitary gland

endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by hypothalmic hormones; most hormones secreted control other endocrine glands

69
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland that contains hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalmus

70
Q

Midbrain

A

mesencephalon; central of the 3 major divisions of the brain

71
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain; region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and tegmentum

72
Q

Tectum

A

dorsal part of the midbrain

part of the visual system

73
Q

superior colliculi

A

part of the visual system; visual reflexes to visual stimuli

74
Q

inferior colliculi

A

protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system

75
Q

Brain stem

A

the stem of the brain, from the medulla to the diencephalon excluding the cerebellum

76
Q

Tegmentum

A

reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra

77
Q

reticular formation

A

receives sensory info and prjects info to the cerebral cortex, thalmus and spinal cord

*sleep, arousal, attention, muscle tonus, movement and various vital reflexes

78
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

surrounds cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuts involved in species-typical behavior (fighting, mating. etc)

79
Q

Red nucleus

A

large nucleus of the midbrin that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord.

important to system

80
Q

substantia nigra

A

a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains the neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen

important to motor system

81
Q

Hindbrain

A

most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain; includes metencephalon and myelencephalon

82
Q

Cerebellum

A

major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons; contains 2 cerebral hemis covered with the cerebral cortex; important part of the motor system

receives visual, audtiory, vestibular, and somatosensory info and individual muscle movements being sent to the brain

*coordinates skillful movement/fine motor control

83
Q

Pons

A

region of the metencephalon rostoral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum

sleep/arousal, relays info from the cerebral cortex to cerebellum

84
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

most caudal portion of the brain, immediately rostoral to spinal cord

vital/basic life fcns

85
Q

Spinal cord

A

cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla

Principle fcn: distribute motor fibers to the effector organs of the body & to collect somatosensory info for the brain, some reflexive control circuts

protected by vertebral column

86
Q

Spinal root

A

a bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve

87
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord

Biopsych (4 decks)

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