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Bio Psych 1 > Structure of the Nervous System [W3] > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System [W3] Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system - nerves that carry info around the body

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system (sympathetic division, parasympathetic division)

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4
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

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5
Q

What is grey matter?

A

cell bodies and interneurons

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6
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Regulates body’s internal environment; more automatic processes, like heartbeat, organ function etc.

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7
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

Interacts with the external environment?

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8
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the brain? In the body?

A

brain –> tract ; body –> nerve

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9
Q

function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

rest + digest

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10
Q

function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

activation, fight/flight

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11
Q

What is processed in the grey matter of the spine? What is the function of the spine?

A

pattern generators (i.e., for walking), simple reflexes (i.e., pulling hand away from hot stove), and more complex reflexive movements; transmit information to/from brain

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12
Q

layers of protection around the brain (outside to inside)

A

skull; meninges (Dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater); subarachnoid space (filled with CSF); brain

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13
Q

def: Blood Brain Barrier

A

barrier to entry for substances to get to the brain; Capillaries in brain have tight junctions which prevents free movements of substances (esp. larger substances) in/out of blood

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14
Q

Brain folds – why?

A

more surface area

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15
Q

def: gyrus

A

bumps in the brain

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16
Q

def: sulcus

A

shallow grooves in the brain

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17
Q

function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects the brain by acting as a “cushion”; helps to remove waste products from brain to CNS functions properly

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18
Q

function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects the brain by acting as a “cushion”; helps to remove some waste products from brain; could be how some fluids get to the brain

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19
Q

4 lobes of the brain & approx. location

A

frontal (front); parietal (top, back section); occipital (back); temporal (sides – think ‘temples’)

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20
Q

4 lobes of the brain & approx. location

A

frontal (front); parietal (top, back section); occipital (back); temporal (sides – think ‘temples’)

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21
Q

“dorsal”

A

above (a.k.a. superior) [think: dorsal fin]

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22
Q

“ventral”

A

below (a.k.a. inferior) [think: toward belly]

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23
Q

“medial”

A

middle

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24
Q

“lateral”

A

side

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25
Q

“anterior”

A

front (a.k.a. rostral, frontal)

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26
Q

“posterior”

A

rear (a.k.a. caudal)

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27
Q

Where is the sagittal plane?

A

middle (on Y axis), running front to back

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28
Q

Where is the horizontal plane?

A

middle (on Y axis) running side to side

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29
Q

Where is the frontal plane?

A

middle (on X axis) running top to bottom

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30
Q

When does the nervous system start to develop?

A

3 weeks post conception

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31
Q

Describe how the brain is formed (brain devel.)

A

ovum and sperm combine to form zygote // Zygote divides to form 2, 4, 8, etc cells // cells become specialised // 3 weeks after conception, neural plate and stem cells are plentiful enough to form nervous system, neurons and glia // neural plate folds to form neural groove, which then fuses into neural tube // inside tube becomes the ventricles and spinal canal, filled with CSF // neural tube develops three chambers // neural tissue around 3 chambers become forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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32
Q

Direction of information in efferent nerve bundles?

A

efferent moves away from the brain [think: exist] and carries motor signals toward muscles

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33
Q

Direction of information in afferent nerve bundles

A

afferent moves toward brain and carries sensory signals from muscles to brain

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34
Q

What direction does information flow in the ANS?

A

both efferent and afferent signal flow, to and from CNS

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35
Q

What are the three protective membranes around the brain?

A

meninges [dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater]

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36
Q

Where are the blood vessels in the brain?

A

Main vessels are on the outside/brain surface; smaller vessels branch and go into the brain

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37
Q

head injury can cause _______ to swell

A

ventricles

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38
Q

What defines the boundaries of the four lobes in the brain?

A

the sulci and gyri in the cortex

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39
Q

What are the three chambers the neural tube develops into? (brain devel)

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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40
Q

What does the forebrain develop into and how?

A

Folds back on itself to become the Cortex; and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

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41
Q

midbrain becomes the _______

A

mesencephalon

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42
Q

hind brain develops into ______, ________, _______

A

pons, medulla, cerebellum

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43
Q

the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain make up the ___________

A

brainstem

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44
Q

Function of the medulla

A

essential life functions (i.e., breathing, heartbeat, etc.)

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45
Q

What is the pons

A

[means: “bridge”] the bump where fibres cross over from one side to the other; involved in sleep and arousal

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46
Q

def: reticular formation

A

loc. in the tegmentum, runs along brainstem; includes many nuclei, net-like/web-like structure; sections within the reticular formation are main producers of various neurotransmitters

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47
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

[means: little brain] responsible for coordination and movement, skilled motor control

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48
Q

def: raphe nucleus

A

nuclei in the pons, part of the reticular activating system; neurons produce 5HT/serotonin

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49
Q

What are the sites of significant ACh production in the midbrain?

A

pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

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50
Q

What are the sites of significant ACh production in the midbrain reticular formation?

A

pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

51
Q

function of the tectum

A

produces orienting movement in response to sensory input

52
Q

what are the two parts of the tectum and what do they do?

A

Superior colliculus –> receives visual input from optic nerve// inferior colliculus –> receives auditory input from auditory nerve

53
Q

Where is the tectum located?

A

midbrain

54
Q

Where is the tegmentum located?

A

midbrain

55
Q

name the parts of the forebrain

A

telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system); Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

56
Q

tegmentum contains…

A

groups of neurons with movement related functions

57
Q

def: periaqueductal grey (PAG)

A

grey matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which modulates pain using opiates and is involved in species-typical behaviours

58
Q

def: substantia nigra

A

midbrain nucleus, important for the production of dopamine; involved in reward, addiction and motivation

59
Q

def: reticular activating system

A

consists of nuclei and tracts that are involved with regulating wakefulness, arousal, and some aspects of sleep; primary components found in the reticular formation (i.e., locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, etc.)

60
Q

What disease is associated with the loss of dopamine neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s

61
Q

What neurotoxin was found in contaminated heroin in California in 1982 and caused Parkinson’s?

A

MPTP

62
Q

How is dopamine activated and what is its role?

A

activated by significant stimuli; role in motivation and selection of actions

63
Q

def: thalamus

A

subcortical structure that acts as a relay station between cerebral cortex and sensory/motor systems, main link between the cortex and the lower brain; plays important role in consciousness and arousal

64
Q

def: hypothalamus

A

Collection of nuclei that is located below the thalamus; controls the ANS and activity of pituitary gland; diff nuclei have diff functions; v important for maintaining homeostasis; also has a role in reproductive functions & sexual behaviour, fight-or-flight reactions, eating/drinking, lactation, and sleep

65
Q

def: lateral geniculate nucleus

A

relay station for info from eye/optic nerve to the visual cortex

66
Q

def: pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland that extends from the bottom of the hypothalamus; produces and secretes hormones; secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

67
Q

How does the pituitary gland release/control the release of hormones?

A

releases factors from hypothalamic neurons, which travel through portal blood vessels (anterior pituitary) or along nerves (posterior pituitary); factors trigger the release of hormones into the blood stream which act on organs (incl. glands) that also release hormones

68
Q

def: leptin

A

a hormone released from fat cells; signals the brain when to eat/stop eating

69
Q

What receptors does leptin act on?

A

receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

70
Q

def: limbic system [incl. three parts]

A

a group of structures in the brain associated with emotion and motivation; includes hippocampal formation, amygdala, septum

71
Q

hippocampus has a key role in __________

A

memory

72
Q

def: fornix

A

pathway connecting hippocampus to mammillary bodies and hypothalamus

73
Q

mammillary bodies have a key role in __________

A

memory

74
Q

In Korsakoff’s syndrome the___________ are damaged

A

mammillary bodies

75
Q

def: cingulate cortex

A

structure most closely associated w/ limbic system, thought to be important in emotional responses

76
Q

amygdala has a key role in…

A

emotion, incl. learning about fearful stimuli, emotional memories

77
Q

Klüver Bucy syndrome results from damage to the ___________

A

amygdala

78
Q

def: cortex [incl. function]

A

thin outer layer of the brain, function is to process and make sense of sensory information, plan based on sensory information and organise appropriate action; has specialised function areas (i.e., visual cortex, motor cortex, etc.)

79
Q

How many layers of neocortex? Name them (outside in)

A

6 layers

80
Q

how is each layer of the neocortex defined

A

by type and density of neurons

81
Q

direction of axons in neocortex?

A

vertically; perpendicular to cortical surface

82
Q

how many regions of the cortex? based on what?

A

52; defined by subtle differences in the appearance of each area and the thickness of the 6 layers

83
Q

Who defined the 52 Broadman’s areas and when?

A

Broadman, 1909

84
Q

relationship between cortex and fine motor function

A

more cortex devoted to parts of the body used in fine motor functions (i.e., lips, fingers, thumb…)

85
Q

Penfield (1937) - cortical areas/electrical stimulation. Explain.

A

Stimulated cortex in awake patients before surgery. Electrical stimulus caused movement in part of the body. Part of the body depended on where the electrode was placed on the cortex. Experiment helped create a ‘map’ of the body within the cortex (homunculus)

86
Q

def: motor homunculus

A

“map” of the body in the cortex

87
Q

where is the motor cortex?

A

strip of cortex in front of central sulcus

88
Q

What happens when an electrode stimulates the cortex in front of the central sulcus? Behind the central sulcus?

A

in front –> body part moves based on part of cortex stimulated
behind –> subject experiences sensation of touch

89
Q

relationship between cortex and physical sensation

A

more cortex devoted to parts of the body with greater sensory capacity (i.e., lips, thumb…)

90
Q

Broadman’s area(s) associated with touch

A

1, 2, & 3

91
Q

Broadman’s area(s) associated with motor cortex

A

4

92
Q

Broadman’s area(s) associated with primary visual cortex

A

17; around occipital lobe at the back

93
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe, by ears, below the parietal lobe (behind central sulcus)

94
Q

def: sensory cortex [incl. levels]

A

primary level, secondary level, tertiary level; process sensory information starting in primary, moving through secondary, and finally to tertiary level

95
Q

def: cerebral lateralisation

A

the difference between hemispheres of the brain

96
Q

difference between fissures and sulci in the brain?

A

fissures –> deep grooves; sulci –> shallow grooves

97
Q

def: fissures

A

deep grooves in the brain

98
Q

def: corpus callosum

A

set of axons that connect the left and right hemispheres

99
Q

Other than the corpus callosum what are the other areas of information exchanges between the two hemispheres?

A

anterior commissure, hippocampal commissure

100
Q

What happens to the brain in split-brain patients/animals?

A

corpus callosum is severed

101
Q

how are the lobes in the brain divided?

A

by the lateral and central fissures

102
Q

function of the lobes (excl. frontal)?

A

occipital –> visual perception; temporal –> auditory processing, memory; parietal –> visuomotor guidance; frontal –> higher-order cognitive functions (ie. attention, planning)

103
Q

def: lateral geniculate nucleus

A

sensory (visual) relay area of the thalamus

104
Q

def: lateral geniculate nucleus

A

sensory (visual) relay area of the thalamus

105
Q

def: nucleus accumbens

A

part of the mesolimbic dopamine system; has role in addiction

106
Q

def: basal ganglia [incl. components]

A

collection of subcortical structures that are v important in motor control and other behaviours; includes striatum, substantia nigra, globus palliduc and subthalamic nucleus

107
Q

tectum comprises ___________ and _________

A

inferior and superior colliculi

108
Q

mesencephalon comprises the _________ and ________ [incl. loc]

A

tectum (dorsal); tegmentum (ventral)

109
Q

function and loc of inferior colliculi

A

func: auditory; loc: mesencephalon (midbrain) tectum

110
Q

function and loc of superior colliculi

A

func: visual; loc: mesencephalon (midbrain) tectum

111
Q

def: medula oblongata

A

the lower half of the brainstem; connects pons with spinal cord; important in regulating the ANS

112
Q

def: pons

A

bridge between hemispheres; contains numerous cranial nerves and thus important in relaying efferent and afferent information

113
Q

What artery(ies) supply oxygenated blood to the brain?

A

cartoid artery, vertebral artery

114
Q

def: optic chiasm

A

the point where visual signals travelling along the optic nerve cross over to the opposite hemisphere

115
Q

def: vertebral artery

A

artery located at back of neck; carries oxygenated blood from heart to brain, spine and neck muscles; enters brain at level of medulla

116
Q

def: carotid artery

A

major artery in the neck that supplies oxygenated blood from heart to face, neck and brain

117
Q

def: circle of Willis

A

connection of the carotid and vertebral arteries, which forms a circle around the optic chiasm and pituitary stalk; can compensate for a blockage in one of the feeder arteries (safety net) that supplies blood to the brain

118
Q

how does blood exit the brain?

A

through the subarachnoid space, penetrates the subarachnoid mater and the meninges (through dura), draining into the sinuses, which then empty into the L& R jugular veins

119
Q

def: pituitary gland [incl. loc]

A

major endocrine gland located below the hypothalamus, connected via the pituitary stalk; releases specific hormones based on info from hypothalamus; divided into anterior and posterior regions

120
Q

def: hormones

A

chemical substances, often a steroid or peptide, produced in specific glands/tissues in the body and transported through the bloodstream to another part of the body to cause a physiological effect

121
Q

main endocrine glands [6]

A

pineal gland; hypothalamus; pituitary gland; thyroid gland; pancreas; ovaries/testes

122
Q

def: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

a set of direct influences and feedback among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal glands; involved in stress response

123
Q

function of endocrine system

A

maintain homeostasis; support cell growth; coordinate development and reproduction; facilitate responses to external environment

Bio Psych 1 (6 decks)

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