Structure of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 1

What are the 4 main functions of the nose

Answer 1

1. Warms and humidifies the temperature of inspired air
2. Defence function
3. Filter function
4. Responsible for sense of smell

Question 2

What % does the nose warm and humidify inspired air for how many seconds contact

Answer 2

0.25 seconds of contact

Humidity 75-80% relative humidity

Question 3

How does the nose act as a defence function

Answer 3

Cilia takes inhaled particulates backwards to be swallowed

Question 4

How does the nose act as a filter function

Answer 4

Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

Question 5

Where does the nose extend from and to

Answer 5

Vestibule (anterior nares) to the nasopharynx

Question 6

What are the three divisions of the nose

Answer 6

1. Anterior nares open into vestibule
2. Respiratory system
3. Olfactory region

Question 7

What is the vestibule of the nose

Answer 7

Area surrounding the anterior and external opening of the nasal cavity

Question 8

What is the skin of the vestibule lined with

Answer 8

Stiff hairs

Question 9

What is the histology of the respiratory system of the nose

Answer 9

Lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

Intersped with mucus-secreting goblet cells

Question 10

Where is the olfactory region of the nose located

Answer 10

Apex of the nasal cavity

Question 11

What is the olfactory region of the nose lined by

Answer 11

Olfactory cells with olfactory receptors

Question 12

What is the nose

Answer 12

Most upper portion of the respiratory tract

Olfactory and respiratory organ

Question 13

What is another word for turbinates

Answer 13

Conchae

Question 14

What are turbinates’/conchae

Answer 14

Curved bones that project out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Question 15

What is the function of turbinates’/conchae

Answer 15

Increase/double the surface area

Increases the amount of contact the air has with its cavity walls

Question 16

What are meatus

Answer 16

Pathways for air to flow

Question 17

What are the four paranasal sinuses which drain into the nasal cavity

Answer 17

1. Frontal
2. Maxillary
3. Ethmoid
4. Sphenoid bones

Question 18

What paranasal sinuses open into the middle meatus

Answer 18

Frontal
Maxillary
Anterior ethmoid sinuses

Question 19

What are paranasal sinuses arranged into

Answer 19

pairs

Question 20

What are paranasal sinuses

Answer 20

Evagination of the mucus membrane from the nasal cavity

Question 21

Where does the middle ethmoid sinus empty into

Answer 21

Ethmoidal bulba

Question 22

What is the ethmoidal bulba

Answer 22

Bulge in lateral wall formed by the middle ethmoidal sinus itself

Question 23

Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open

Answer 23

At the level of superior meatus

Question 24

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain

Answer 24

Into posterior roof

Only structure not to empty out on lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Question 25

Where are the frontal sinuses located

Answer 25

Within the frontal bone Either side of the midline septum Most superior of the paranasal sinuses Over orbit and across the superciliary arch

Question 26

Where does the frontal sinus drain

Answer 26

Via frontal duct

Question 27

What is the nerve supply to the frontal sinuses

Answer 27

Ophthalmic division of V nerve Supraorbital nerve

Question 28

What is the artery supply to the frontal sinuses

Answer 28

Anterior ethmoid artery Branch of the internal carotid

Question 29

Where is the location of the maxillary sinus

Answer 29

On the body of the maxilla (think cheeks) Laterally and slightly inferiorly to the nasal cavities Largest sinus

Question 30

Where does the maxillary sinus open into

Answer 30

Middle meatus

Question 31

What shape is the maxillary sinus with its sides

Answer 31

Pyramidal Base - lateral wall of the nose Apex - Zygomatic processes of the maxilla Roof - Floor of the orbit Floor - Alveolar processes

Question 32

What is the drainage of the maxillary sinuses

Answer 32

Hiatus semilunaris Underneath frontal sinus openings

Question 33

Where are the ethmoidal sinuses located

Answer 33

Between the eyes in the ethmoid bones

Question 34

How many ethmoidal sinuses are there and what are there respective names

Answer 34

3 Anterior Middle Posterior

Question 35

Where do the anterior ethmoidal sinus open into

Answer 35

Hiatus semilunaris (Middle meatus)

Question 36

Where do the middle ethmoidal sinus open into

Answer 36

Lateral wall of middle meatus

Question 37

Where does the posterior ethmoid sinus open into

Answer 37

Lateral wall of the superior meatus

Question 38

What is the nerve supply to the ethmoidal sinuses

Answer 38

Ophthalmic and maxillary V nerve

Question 39

What is the artery supply to the ethmoidal sinuses

Answer 39

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

Question 40

Where are the sphenoid sinuses located

Answer 40

Within the body of the sphenoid bone

Question 41

What is the drainage of the sphenoid sinuses

Answer 41

Sphenoethmoidal recess (Lateral to the attachment of the nasal septum)

Question 42

What is the nerve supply to the sphenoid sinuses

Answer 42

Ophthalmic V

Question 43

What is the artery supply to the sphenoid sinuses

Answer 43

Pharyngeal branches of the maxillary arteries

Question 44

What is the pharynx

Answer 44

Fibromuscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus

Question 45

What is the histology of the pharynx

Answer 45

Lined with squamous and columnar ciliated, mucous glands

Question 46

Where does the pharynx begin and end

Answer 46

Begins - At skull base Ends - Inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

Question 47

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx (superior to inferior)

Answer 47

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

Question 48

Where is the nasopharynx

Answer 48

Between the base of the skull and soft palate

Question 49

Where would you find the eustachian tube orifices

Answer 49

Lateral wall of the nasopharynx

Question 50

What is the function of the nasopharynx

Answer 50

Conditions inspired air and propagates it into the larynx

Question 51

What is the histology of the nasopharynx

Answer 51

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 52

Where is the oropharynx located

Answer 52

Between soft palate (anteriorly) and superior border of epiglottis Inferiorly to the hyoid bone

Question 53

What does the oropharynx contain

Answer 53

Palatine tonsils Between the palatoglossal folds and palatopharyngeal folds

Question 54

What is the oropharynx involved in

Answer 54

Voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing

Question 55

Were is the laryngopharynx located

Answer 55

Between superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of C6

Question 56

What is the larynx

Answer 56

Located in the anterior of the neck 9 cartilages - rigid structure E.g. voice box

Question 57

What is the function of the larynx

Answer 57

Prevent liquid and food entering the lungs - protection of the lower respiratory tract

Question 58

What is the arterial supply to the larynx

Answer 58

Superior and inferior thyroid artery

Question 59

What is the nerve supply to the larynx

Answer 59

Vagus - motor and sensory information

Question 60

How does the larynx work as voice box

Answer 60

Arytenoid cartilages rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords

Question 61

Name the laryngeal cartilages

Answer 61

3 unpaired (single) 1. Epiglottis 2. Thyroid 3. Cricoid 6 paired (double) 1. Cuneiform 2. Corniculate 3. Arytenoid

Question 62

What is the innervation of the superior laryngeal nerve

Answer 62

Sensory - supraglottis Motor - external branch. Cricothyroid muscle

Question 63

What is the innervation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 63

Sensory - infraglottis Motor - All internal muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid)