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IGCSE biology > Structures and functions in living organisms > Flashcards

Structures and functions in living organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A
  • Photosynthesis takes place
  • Contains chlorophyll pigment
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2
Q

Function of permanent vacuole

A
  • Contain cell sap
  • Found within cytoplasm
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3
Q

Function of Cell wall

A
  • Made of cellulose
  • Provides strength to the cell
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4
Q

Function of ribosome

A
  • Where protein synthesis occurs
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5
Q

Sperm cell qualities

A
  • Carry male’s DNA to the egg cell for reproduction
  • Long tail to aid swimming
  • Many mitochondria
  • Acrosome head to digest enzymes of the egg
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6
Q

Nerve cell qualities

A
  • Transmit electrical signals quick from one place to another
  • Axon is long
  • Ends have mitochondria.
  • Transmits chemicals called neurotransmitters
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7
Q

Muscle cell qualities

A
  • Special proteins which slide over each other
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Store chemical called glycogen
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8
Q

Root hair cells qualities

A
  • Take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
  • Large surface area
  • Mitochondria to provide energy
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9
Q

Xylem cells qualities

A
  • Transport water and mineral ions from roots to shoots
  • Hollow so continuous water flow
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10
Q

Phloem cell function

A
  • Carry products of photosynthesis
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11
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A
  • Form egg and sperm to form zygote
  • Clone into any type of cell
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12
Q

Adult stem cells

A
  • Found within bone marrow
  • Form many types of cells not all
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13
Q

Meristems in plants

A
  • Found in roots and shoots tips
  • Differentiate into ant type of cells
  • Make clones of plants
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14
Q

Pros of stem cells

A
  • Can be used to replace damaged cells eg diabetes
  • Bone marrows transplants cure leukaemia
  • No rejection
  • Allow for testing on millions without animals
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15
Q

Cons of stem cells

A
  • Ethical issues
  • Not sure on long term effects
  • Mutations occur
  • Difficult to find suitable stem cell
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16
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen

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17
Q

What do carbohydrates polymers break down into?

A

Simple sugars

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18
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulphur, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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19
Q

What polymers do proteins break down into?

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen

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21
Q

What polymers are lipids broke down to?

A

3 Fatty acids and glycerol

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22
Q

Test for glucose

A

Benedict’s solution
Turn red if glucose is present
Stay blue if not present

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23
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine solution
Blue-black if present
Brown if isn’t present

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24
Q

Test for protein

A

Biuret solution
Purple if is present
Blue if is not present

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25
Test for fat
Ethanol + distilled water Milky white emulsion if present Colourless if not present
26
Enzymes
- They are biological catalysts - Enzymes are uniquely shaped - Active site and substrate binds
27
Temperature effects on enzymes
optimum temp 37 degrees
28
pH effects on enzymes
Optimum pH is 7
29
Diffusion
is spreading out of the particles resulting in a net movement from HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration
30
What are some small molecules?
Oxygen, Glucose, Amino acids and Water
31
What is a single- celled organism?
they have a large surface area to volume ratio
32
What is a multicellular organism?
Surface area to volume ratio is small
33
Factors affecting the rate of movement (4)
- Concentration gradient - Temperature - Surface area - Distance
34
How does concentration gradient affect movement?
Greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion
35
How does temperature affect movement?
Greater the temperature, greater the movement of particles
36
How does surface area affect movement?
Greater the surface area, faster diffusion
37
How does distance affect movement
Longer distance, Slower it takes
38
What is Osmosis?
movement of water from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution. HIGHER concentration of WATER to LOW WATER solution
39
Example of osmosis in animals
- RBC have a higher water potential will cause them to burst - RBC have low water potential will cause them to shrivel
40
Does osmosis use energy or not?
Does not use energy
41
What is active transportation?
Movement of particle from area of lower concentration to higher concentration
42
Example of active transport in root hair cells?
take up water and mineral ions
43
Example of active transport in the gut?
glucose and amino acids from food moves into gut into your bloodstream
44
Equation of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen
45
Number equation of photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2
46
Temperature affect on photosynthesis
- Increase in temp, rate of photosynthesis increase
47
Light intensity affect on photosynthesis
higher light intensity, higher rate of photosynthesis
48
Carbon dioxide concentration affect on photosynthesis
- CO2 is needed to make glucose - Concentration of carbon dioxide increase, rate of reaction increases
49
What is the description of waxy cuticle?
helps reduce water loss by evaporation
50
What is the description of Upper epidermis?
Very thin and transparent in order to let light in
51
What is the description of Palisade mesophyll?
Contain chloroplasts so photosynthesis can happen rapidly
52
What is the description of Spongy mesophyll?
Lots of air space to allow gas to diffuse in and out of cell
53
What is the description of lower epidermis?
Contain guard cell and stomata
54
What is the description of guard cell?
Contain guard cells and stomata
55
What is the description of guard cell?
Kidney- shaped cells that open and close stomata by absorbing or losing water
56
What is the description of stomata?
where gas exchange and loss of water by evaporation takes place
57
What is magnesium need for and what will happen without it?
Required for chlorophyll production Deficiency: causes stunted growth and turns leaves yellow
58
Need for these things 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Dietary fibre 5. Vitamin A 6. Vitamin C 7. Iron
1. High energy source 2. For growth and repair 3. High energy source 4. Provide roughage to keep food moving 5. Need for vision 6. Help absorb iron 7. Need for haemoglobin
59
Factors affecting energy requirements (3)
Age Activity levels Pregnancy
60
What is the human alimentary canal?
is passage food moves through once it has been eaten
61
Mouths role in alimentary canal
- teeth breaks up large food - amylase breaks down starch into glucose - salivary glands produce saliva
62
Oesophagus role in the alimentary canal
- Tube from mouth to stomach
63
Stomach role in the alimentary canal
- Gastric juice is released from stomach lining to detect food - Pepsin: enzyme break down proteins - Hydrochloric acid: makes stomach acidic in order for pepsin to work - Digestion of food is called chyme
64
Name the 2 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum Ileum
65
What is the duodenum and what does it do?
- first part of small intestine - carbohydrase, protease and lipases digest food here - Bile is released into the duodenum
66
What is the ileum and what does it do?
- Lined with villi to maximise absorption - Have thin lining
67
Large intestine role in the alimentary canal
- Water is absorbed here to produce faeces - Faeces stored in rectum
68
Digestive enzymes in Carbohydrates (starch)
broke down by carbohydrase Starch to maltose by amylase Maltose to glucose by maltase
69
Digestive enzymes in proteins
Broke down by protease in the stomach and small intestine Proteins to amino acids
70
Digestive enzymes in lipids
Broke down by lipases Lipids to glycerol + 3 fatty acids
71
What is aerobic respiration?
- uses oxygen - yields the most energy
72
Aerobic respiration reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose+Oxygen=Carbon+ water
73
What is an anaerobic respiration?
- occurs when there is not enough oxygen - not yield as much energy - only used as last resort eg sprinting
74
Equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
Glucose = lactic acid
75
Structure of thorax (7)
- ribs - intercostal muscles - diaphragm - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
76
Alveoli adaptations
- Thin cell walls - Folded - Large network of tiny capillaries
77
Purpose of the alveoli
tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
78
Phloem adaptations
- found in roots - food substance moves in both directions
79

IGCSE biology (2 decks)

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