Structures and Functions of Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and the product of those cells.
2. Cells are the functional units of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

In order for a cell to carry out its day-to-day functions, it must:

Answer 2

-Obtain food and energy;

-Convert energy from an external source into a form that works within the cell;

-Construct and maintain the molecules that make up cell structures;

-Carry out chemical reactions;

-Eliminate waste;

-Reproduce;

-Keep records of how to build structures.

Question 3

Two basic cell types

Answer 3

Prokaryote, Eukaryote - “pro” means ‘before’; “eu” means ‘true’; “karyon” means ‘nucleus’

Question 4

All cell types have 4 common components

Answer 4

1. Plasma/cell membrane – an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment
2. Cytoplasm – a jelly-like substance in which other cellular components are found
3. DNA – the genetic material of the cell
4. Ribosomes – organelles which synthesize proteins

Question 5

Prokaryotes

Answer 5

Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus; the DNA is found scattered throughout the cytoplasm, near the central part of the cell

Prokaryotes do NOT contain any membrane-bound organelles
All prokaryotes are small (0.1 to 10.0 um), single-celled organisms which belong to the domains Bacteria or Archaea

Prokaryotes were the first organisms to evolve on Earth, 3.6 billion years ago. They are found in all habitats and can obtain energy from varied sources including sulfur, iron, sunlight, petrochemicals

Question 6

Eukaryotes

Answer 6

Eukaryotes have a true nucleus; the DNA is found in the nucleus and is surrounded by the nuclear membrane

Eukaryotes DO contain many membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes are larger (10 to 100 times larger than prokaryotes) and belong to the kindoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia
The presence

The presence of organelles allows for compartmentalization and specialization of functions

Question 7

Cell Wall

Answer 7

Consists of cellulose fibers.. adds strength and rigidity.

Cell wall does not control the materials that can path through it.

Found in plants, fungi, some protists. and most bacteria. Never found in animals.

Question 8

Holds nucleus together

Answer 8

Nuclear membrane

Question 9

Surface for chemical activity

Answer 9

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Units of heredity

Answer 10

Genes

Question 11

Digestion center

Answer 11

lysosome

Question 12

Where proteins are made

Answer 12

Ribosomes

Question 13

Structures involved in mitosis in animal cells only

Answer 13

Centrioles

Question 14

Hollow cylinder that supports shapes and cells

Answer 14

Microtubule

Question 15

Shapes and supports a plant cell

Answer 15

cell wall

Question 16

Stores and releases chemicals

Answer 16

Golgi bodies

Question 17

Food for plant cells is made here

Answer 17

Chloroplasts

Question 18

Spherical body within nucleus

Answer 18

Nucleolus

Question 19

Controls entry in and out of cell

Answer 19

Cell membrane

Question 20

Traps light and is used to produce food for plants

Answer 20

Chlorophyll

Question 21

Chromosomes are found here

Answer 21

Nucleus

Question 22

Jellylike substance within cell

Answer 22

Cytoplasm

Question 23

Contains code which guides all cell activities

Answer 23

chromosomes

Question 24

Minute hole in nuclear membrane

Answer 24

Nuclear pore

Question 25

Contains water and dissolved minerals

Answer 25

Vacuole

Question 26

Cell specialization

Answer 26

In humans, over 200 different types of cells have been identified All these specialized cells in humans have identical DNA in their nuclei. They have resulted from differentiation Different cells have different types and numbers of various organelles

Question 27

Microscopes

Answer 27

Electron microscopes have incredibly high resolution, and can magnify a specimen one million times. This makes even single molecules visible

Question 28

Organelles

Answer 28

Organelles allow the cell to be divided into “compartments”, so that several chemical reactions can occur simultaneously. Organelles are responsible for vital cell functions such as transport, energy production, reproduction, growth, disposal of waste, packaging, etc. Depending on the type of cell, the types and numbers of organelles found in each can vary Many organelles contain highly folded membranes that increase the surface area on which chemical reactions can be co-ordinated. Cell organelles are suspended in cytoplasm, which is a thick, semi-transparent medium.

Question 29

What is cytoplasm

Answer 29

-Thick Jello-like solution. In eukaryotes, everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. In prokaryotes, everything inside the plasma membrane. -In eukaryotes all of the organelles are suspended in cytosol -cytosol is a water based solution that contains ions, proteins, glucose, salts, fatty acids, and many other small and large organic materials. Cytoplasm is highly organized due to presence of cytoskeleton which supports cell and gives shape

Question 30

Cellular Membrane

Answer 30

double layer of lipids and proteins

Question 31

Nucleus

Answer 31

Contains and protects cells genetic info coordinates cellular activities

Question 32

Uncoiled DNA

Answer 32

chromatin

Question 33

Nucleolus

Answer 33

site of ribosome production ribosomes then leace nucleus for cytoplasm - goes through nuclear pores

Question 34

Endoplasmic reticulum (general(

Answer 34

Within animals, is an extensive network (reticulum) of channels/tunnels (cisternae) which are surrounded by membranes.

Question 35

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 35

Consists of flattened membrane sacs whose external surface covered by ribosomes. Often close to the nuclear Synthesizes proteins which are transported via vesicles to Golgi apparatus where they are modified.

Question 36

Ribosomes

Answer 36

Assembled in nucleus Synthesize proteins Not membrane-bound organelles Only bound to RER in eukaryotes Contain 2 subunits 1. one large subunit 2. one small subunit

Question 37

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 37

plays role in synthesis of lipids (which make up all membranes); carbohydrate metabolism and the detoxification of compounds such as alcohol drugs and waste.

Question 38

Golgi apparatus

Answer 38

Processes lipids and proteins Receive proteins from RER which are modified and repackaged into vesicles Forms lysosomes

Question 39

Endomembrane system

Answer 39

made up of ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. move materials around the cell

Question 40

Vacuole

Answer 40

Circular fluid sacks bounded by a membrane formed by the GA or by inpocketing of cell membrane during endocytosis. Animal cells: smaller and temporary act as "suitcases" to carry substances around syl.

Question 41

2 membranes mitochondria is bound by

Answer 41

Inner membrane: convoluted, extends into interior of organelle to form crista (finger like projections). Outer membrane: Seperates inner membrane from cytoplasm, fluid-filled centre is called the matrix.

Question 42

Lysosomes