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Geology Board Exam day 1 > Structures (Structural) > Flashcards

Structures (Structural) Flashcards

1
Q

Intracrystalline kink structures that resulted from strain through mechanical twinning, or twin gliding.

A

Deformation Twins

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2
Q

Mechanical bending or kinking of the crystal lattice that resulted from stress. Twin Gliding-Involves simple shear along the twin plane once critical stress is reached.

A

Twinning

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3
Q

A form of crystal defect that may either be vacancies, substitution or interstitial impurities within a crystal lattice.

A

Point Defect

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4
Q

A gap or hole between atomic bonds in crystal lattices.

A

Vacancy

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5
Q

Occurs when a different atom or molecule substitutes the original atom or molecule in its location.

A

Substitution

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6
Q

Impurities that are locked within atoms or molecules of a crystal lattice.

A

Interstitial Impurity

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7
Q

A mobile line defect or dislocation that contributes to intracrystalline deformation by slipping.

A

Line Defects

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8
Q

a diffusion of vacancies through crystals that is temperature- and stress-controlled.

A

Nabarro-Herring Creep or Volume diffusion

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9
Q

A mechanism that involves migration of vacancies in crystallographic lattices.

A
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10
Q

diffusion of vacancies along grain boundaries that is temperature- and stress-controlled.

A

Coble Creep or Grain boundary diffusion

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11
Q

a diffusion that is chemically- and stress-controlled and occurs along a thin film of fluid and pore fluid along grain boundaries.

A

Wet Diffusion

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12
Q

A form of dislocation where an extra half-plane is placed between crystal lattices.

A
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13
Q

A form of dislocation where the dislocation line is parallel to the slip direction, and half-plane of the crystal lattices slides across each other.

A

Screw Dislocation

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14
Q

Any planar or subplanar discontinuity that is very narrow in one dimension compared to the other two and forms as a result of either an external or internal stress.

A

FRACTURE

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15
Q

Extensional fractures filled with air or fluid.

A

Fissure

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16
Q

Fractures that are filled with gas, fluids,
magma or minerals.

A

Extension Fractures

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17
Q

anticracks, are fractures with contractional displacements across the fractures that are filled with residue from the rock.

A

Contractional Fractures

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18
Q

A slip surface fracture along which there is a
large offset movement that is parallel to the fracture.

A

FAULT

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19
Q

The relatively high footwall block between faults where the two adjacent faults dip away from one another.

A

Horst

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20
Q

A fault-bounded block that drops down between two adjacent faults dip toward one another.

A

Graben

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20
Q

A depression created as a consequence of the rotation accompanying displacement on a normal fault and the original top surface of the hanging wall block tilts toward the fault.

A

Half-Graben

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21
Q

The bearing of the imaginary line formed by the intersection of the fault plane with a horizontal plane, found with an equal elevation.

A

Strike

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22
Q

the bearing of the imaginary horizontal line perpendicular to the strike; Angle the vertical angle between an inclined plane and the dip direction, perpendicular to the strike.

A

Dip Direction

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23
Q

The slip surface of a fault.

A

Fault Plane

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24
Q

The rock block resting on top of the fault plane.

A

Hanging Wall

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25
Q

The rock block positioned beneath the fault plane.

A

Foot Wall

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26
Q

The horizontal component of the dip separation measured perpendicular to the strike of the fault.

A

Heave

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27
Q

The vertical component in the vertical plane containing the dip.

A

Throw

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28
Q

The combination of the vertical and horizontal component.

A

Oblique Slip

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29
Q

The total amount of displacement measured parallel to the direction of the motion.

A

Net Slip

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30
Q

the angle formed from an inclined plane between a horizontal line and a line in question.

A

Rake (B) or Pitch

31
Q

The vertical angle between an inclined plane and a horizontal line that is not perpendicular to the strike of the plane.

A

Apparent dip

32
Q

For any inclined plane (except a vertical one), the true dip is always greater than any apparent dip.

A
33
Q

An apparent dip may be defined by its _________ or by its _______ within a plane.

A

trend and plunge ; pitch

34
Q

The orientation in space of a line or plane.

A

Attitude

35
Q

By convention, the attitude of a plane is expressed as its strike and dip; the attitude of a line is expressed as trend and plunge.

A
36
Q

Method of expressing the strikes of planes and trends of line based on a 360° clockwise circle. Azimuthal bearing always starts from the due north.

A

Azimuth method

37
Q

The horizontal angle between a line and a specified coordinate direction, usually true north or south; the compass direction or azimuth.

A

Bearing

38
Q

The plunge of the true dip.

A

Delta

39
Q

The vertical angle between a line and the horizontal.

A

Plunge

40
Q

Method of expressing strikes of planes and trends of lines based on four 90° quadrants.

A

Quadrant method

41
Q

The direction (trend) of the apparent dip.

A

Theta

42
Q

The bearing (compass direction) of a line. Non-horizontal lines trend in the down-plunge direction.

A

Trend

43
Q

An array of faults in a strike-slip fault zone that merges at depth into a near-vertical fault plane, but near the ground surface diverges so as to have shallower dips.

A

Positive FLOWER STRUCTURE

44
Q

A flower structure where there is a component of normal faulting.

A

Negative Flower Structure

45
Q

Occurs where two subparallel thrusts of approximately equal displacement are separated by a deformed interval that is thin relative to its total area extent.

A

DUPLEX

46
Q

develops where thrust sheet has been antiformally folded, causing part of the sheet to have a higher elevation.

A

FENSTER Or Window

47
Q

Dismemberment of a thrust sheet by erosion.

A

KLIPPE

48
Q

A rock that is still in its place of origin; the footwall below a detachment.

A

AUTOCTHON

49
Q

A rock that has moved from its place of origin; the thrust sheet above a detachment.

A

ALLOCTHON

50
Q

A structural feature that is formed when planar features are bent or curved.

A

FOLDS

51
Q

PARTS OF FOLDS

A

Hinge
Hinge Zone
Hinge Point
Limb
Amplitude

52
Q

The gradual, or sharp and abrupt, curvature of the fold. Hinge Line - The line of greatest curvature.

A

Hinge

53
Q

The area where the fold hinges.

A

Hinge Zone

54
Q

The point of maximum curvature of the folded layer located within the hinge zone.

A

Hinge Point

55
Q

The less curved portion of a fold.

A

Limb

56
Q

Half the height of the fold, measured from the crest to trough.

A

Amplitude

57
Q

The surface containing the hinge lines from consecutive folded surfaces.

A

Axial Surface

58
Q

The topographically highest point of a fold, which need not coincide with the fold hinge.

A

Crest

59
Q

High point of the hinge line in a non-cylindrical fold.

A

Culmination

60
Q

Fold in which a straight hinge line parallels the fold axis; in other words, the folded surface wraps partway around a cylinder.

A

Cylindrical Fold

61
Q

Low point of the hinge line in a noncylindrical fold.

A

Depression

62
Q

Fold generator in cylindrical folds.

A

Fold Axis

63
Q

The position in a limb where the sense of the curvature changes.

A

Inflection Point

64
Q

Fold with a curved hinge line.

A

Non-cylindrical Fold

65
Q

The topographically lowest point of a fold, which need not coincide with the fold hinge.

A

Trough

66
Q

The distance between two hinges of the same orientation.

A

Wavelength

67
Q

More or less regularly-shaped rectangular fragments formed by stretching of competent layers or foliations.

A

BOUDINS

68
Q

The process that leads to the formation of boudins from originally continuous layers.

A

Boudinage

69
Q

Regularly-spaced areas of thinning in many extended competent layers without the separation into isolated fragments or boudins.

A

PINCH-AND-SWELL STRUCTURES

70
Q

Circular or elliptical structural or topographic highs in which beds dip away to all directions; when eroded, the oldest rocks are exposed at the center.

A

DOMES

71
Q

Circular or elliptical structural or topographic lows or downwarps in which beds dip towards the center; when eroded, the youngest rocks are exposed at the center.

A

Basin

72
Q

the presence of layers with different competencies directly affects the strain pattern in the deforming body and there is contrasting behavior between layers.

A

Flexural folding Or active folding,

73
Q

A dynamic condition in active folding where the applied force is oriented at an oblique angle to the layering.

A

Bending

74
Q

The most common situation for folding, is a dynamic condition in active folding where the force is oriented parallel to the mechanical anisotropy.

A

Buckling

Geology Board Exam day 1 (9 decks)

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