Stuart Britain - 1660-88 The Restoration

Question 1

.Monck and the Returniih

Answer 1

Enters Eng Jan 60 - ordered to shore up Rump against City of London
Monck ignores and sides with London, reverses Pride’s Purge
Feb 60 MPs removed 1648 ordered to return, Mar Long Parl dissolved and free eletions for Conv Parl

Question 2

Unconditional Return of the King

Answer 2

Conv Parl Apr discuss CII return - Monck secret negotioations with CII and Hyde - results in Decleration of Breda Apr
No details set - Conv Parl accepts 5th May votes for gov by King, Lords and Commons - welcomed to London 29th May

Question 3

Conv Parl Aims for reconciliation

Answer 3

Retained 1641 Triennial Act, Parl control of militia, abolition of Prerogative Courts
Aimed for Broad Church - left to clergy meeting Savoy Palace 1661
Parl dissolved Dec 1660

Question 4

CII’s Gov

Answer 4

1661 - double size of PC to 120 - unofficial inner group lead by Hyde (Earl of Clarendon 1661)
Failed rebellion Jan 1661 by 5th Mon Venner reigniting fears of radicals
SO royalist majority in Cav Parl
Aims to weaken restrictions on King’s power - Militia Act 1661 - King controls army, Licensing Act 1662 - censorship of press
Triennial Act 1664 - no mechanism to enfore calling of parl

Question 5

Cav Parl Religious Reforms

Answer 5

Presbys work in Church and voluntary organisations ie regional associations of ministers
2 presby ministers Shaw and Bowles of York provide comms between Farifax and Monck - 1200 deserters left the radical Lambert’s regiment and backed Fairfax and Shaw appointed royal chaplain
Independents set up specific Confessions of Faith
Extreme Radical Sects disappear by 1660 - Quakers refuge and survive

Question 6

Agressive Anglican Church Established

Answer 6

Savoy Meeting Apr-May 1661 - royalists sought reform to allow moderate Puritans
High church party sought restoration of Laudian system
Latitudarians
Meeting Apr 1661 - ended in May without agreement

Question 7

Clarendon Code

Answer 7

Fear against radicals and aims to destroy Puritan influence
1)Corporation Act Nov 1661 - aims to remove dissenting laity from office
2)Act of Uniformity 1662 - strict requirements of Anglican clergy - CII Decleration of Indulgence suspending Act, but indulgence forced out after 3 months - 1800 (1/4 clergy) ministers unable to conform and expelled
3) Convencticle Act 1664 - aims to ban non-conformist gatherings 0 renewed 1670
4)Five Mile Act 1665 - isolates non-conformist preachers
Anglican ministers back - Sheldon Ab of Cant 1663

Question 8

Quaker Extra Treatment

Answer 8

Quaker Act 1662 - subjected Quakers to severe penalties by authorising magistrates to arrest them and ask they take Oath of Allegianance
61-64 Leaders removed - Fox imprisoned, and numbers fall to 35,000

Question 9

Catholic Position

Answer 9

CII provides Catholics in Eng and Scot safety
Ireland varying levels of presecutions

Question 10

Financial Reforms: Conv Parl

Answer 10

Conv promise CII £1.2m pa - only £800,000
Conv did not resolve, abolished Feudal Tenures Forced Loans, Ship Money etc

Question 11

Financial Reforms: Cav Parl

Answer 11

Hearth Tax Nov 61 - only raised 1/3 expected £250,000 first year 1662
Short term grants ensure parl financial control and revenue up to £1.2m
Sale of Dunkirk 1664

Question 12

Restoration in Scotland

Answer 12

May 60 CII prcalimed King - restoration of prerogative in full
Act of Rescissory Mar 61 revoked all legislation since 1633
CII restores James VI use of bishops
Lauderdale CII’s Commissioner in Scot 1669

Question 13

Restoration in Ireland

Answer 13

May 60 CII procliamed King
Irish Parl 1661 one Catholic, 1662 anti Catholic Act of Settlement - 850,000 acres passed from Prot to Caths but Caths only have 22% of land total
Lord Lieutenant Ormond - moderate policy de facto Catholic toleration - English policy = apathy

Question 14

Pro-French Foreign Policy

Answer 14

1665 CII 2nd Anglo-Dutch War - help LXIV destroy Dutch Protestant Repub - Dutch victory - antipathy towards Catholic alliance - deflection of criticism Clarendon out - Cabal in
1667 LXIV invades Spanish Netherlands - 1668 Triple Alliance with Sweden and UP - 1670 - Treaty of Dover with French £375,000 subsidy CII independence + secret clause to announce CII Catholicism

Question 15

Finances 1665-9 Dependency on Parl

Answer 15

Parl short term grants - custom duties fell to less than £650,000 1666-8
£300,000 from Parl much less generous following Dutch debacle

Question 16

Survival of Presbys

Answer 16

Of 1800 ministers who left the church, 1000 were ejected follow Act of Uniformity - supported by landowners, and supporters
Development of structures and networks through West Yorkshire and Lancashire etc
1669 Heywood and Frankland set up Academy to provide clergy education
1689 100 recruits to dissenting ministry

Question 17

Survival of Quakers

Answer 17

Fox released from Scarborough 1666 - effort to provide new structure
Meeting held York 1668 - district monthly meetings and Annual Meeting in London
By 1670s 70,000 quakers

Question 18

Support for Dissenters

Answer 18

Many of CofE/ruling elite borderline non-C’s - CII
Tillotson Ab of Cant 1691 thought hard before conforming 1664
Latitudinarians including Bishop of Chester Wilkins
2nd Conventicle Act 1670 limited impact
Attempts for toleration fail - lack of support in Parl

Question 19

Growing Toleration

Answer 19

1688 James Duke of york convert to Catholicisim - confirmed publicly 1673
Only supports toleration to help Catholics?

Question 20

2nd Decleration of Indulegence

Answer 20

2nd attempt to establish toleration - positive impact for dissenters who consolidated their position and lay foundation for their future - Presbys take out lisences and define ministry outside the national church - lisences recalled however
Catholics included - distrust of CII and abuse of royal prerogative

Question 21

Money and War 1673-8

Answer 21

Lack fo financial independence key in ending Decleration of Indulgence
1672 - ‘Stop the Exchequer’ repayments to debtors
1673 - needs funds for 3rd Anglo Dutch War

Question 22

Test Act

Answer 22

Parl forced CII to withdraw the Indulgence for money for 3rd Dutch War
Proposed and passed bill to provide Prot toleration Mar 73 - blocked by Lords
HofC and HofL pass and impose Test Act 1673 - excluded all but Anglicans from public office
Lord Treasurer Clifford and CII’s brother James both resign immeadiately confirming their Catholicism

Question 23

Intro to Danby

Answer 23

CII realigns himself with powerful High Church Anglicans - Treasurer = Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby committed Anglican 1673 replacing the Cabal
Use of royal patronage

Question 24

More Tory Foreign Policy

Answer 24

Danby foreign policy favours Dutch - marriage 1677 Mary Prot, daughter of Duke of York, and WofO
CII signed new secret agreement with LXIV - agreed to suspend Parl if hostile to Fra and he did so 1675 and recieved £100,000 in return

Question 25

More Tory Religious Policy

Answer 25

Danby attempted to reinvigorate persecution of dissenters
Census 1676 of dissenting groups found 5% of adult population non-conformists
Too many dissenters to be supressed

Question 26

Rising fear of Catholicism

Answer 26

Duke of York James remarries Catholic Mary of Modena 1673
Danby controls Parl with patronage and Fre subsidies Shaftesbury’s 1675 - ‘A letter from a Person of Quality to his Friends in the Country’ - argued Anglicans were promoting persecution under guise of protecting church

Question 27

Improving financials 1670s

Answer 27

Growth in commerical trade 1660s, collection of tax by ending use of tax farmers
Total revenues from £880,000 pa in 60s to £1.3m pa 1670s

Question 28

Beginnings of ‘Tories’ v ‘Whigs’

Answer 28

Tories - defend Anglican church and the Crown - tainted by association with Catholic absolutism
Whigs - favour reform at expense of Crown, frustrated at Danby’s patronage power, Lord Ashley, Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1661 made Earl of Shaftesbury 1672 expressed his concerns about CII’s Fre alliance - started a group to form opp to crown

Question 29

Popish Plot 1678-9

Answer 29

Religious fear explodes again
Aug 1678 - Anglican priest Oates told Godfrey about plot organised by Jesuits to murder CII and replace him with James - gains legs when Godfrey found dead in the park
Oates made more and more accusations until doubts started to emerge - but enough damage caused

Question 30

Exclusion Crisis 1679-81

Answer 30

1678 attempt to impact Danby for bribery and corruption - using Popish Plot as context
CII tries to save him by dissolving Cav Parl Jan 79
New elections new parl Mar-May 1679 anti-Danby majority - Danby impeachment fails but he spends 5 years in the tower
Leads to the Exclusion Crisis - 1679 1st: passed HofC but CII dissolves Parl
1680 2nd: defeated in Hofl
1681 CII closes palr fo rgood as he had Fre support - ordered parl to meet away from Whig London 1681 but leads to 3rd bill so parl gone

Question 31

Decline in Whig power and Rye House Plot

Answer 31

Shaftesbury acquitted of treason, but new charges force him into exile Nov 1682
Rye House Plot: group of Cromwellian soldiers plot to kill CII at Rye House Apr 1683 - failed and arrested - plot used to destroy remaining Whig leaders and their popularity

Question 32

CII Personal Rule: Overview

Answer 32

Policy 1681 of recalling borough charters - new charters placed power to vote in small groups of alderman who could be hand picked as Tories - this policity only partly completed with 51 charters by the time of CII’s death

Question 33

CII Personal Rule: Financial Independence

Answer 33

Ordinary rev (without parl grants as there was no parl in this period) reached £1.4m pa by 1584-5 - CII getting old so royal expenditure falls

Question 34

CII Personal Rule: Anglican Dominance

Answer 34

CII now keen to follow an aggressive Tory policy
Non conformist meetings had to be abandoned eg all groups stopped meeting in Devon
Aided by remodelling of borough charters

Question 35

James II Successful Start

Answer 35

Parl called on JII’s accession was co-operative as of 195 MPs, only 9 were whigs - generous financial settlement and Crown’s right to customs duties for life
Monmouth failed rebellion in Corset June 1685 recieved little support - beheaded

Question 36

End of failed persecution of dissenters

Answer 36

1685 JII asked Parl to repeal Test and Corporation Acts - denied
1686 JII set up a licensing office to sell permits to dissenters dispensing them from laws of Clarendon code
1687 in his First Decleration of Indulgence JII simply announced he was suspending Test and Corporation Acts
Dissenters re emerge and public opinion shifts away from uniformity as otherwise respectable members of society

Question 37

Survival of Dissenters

Answer 37

Mistakes of Enemies - ie attempt to define Church on narrow basis 1662 Act of Uniformity so increasing the number of dissenters
Commitment /dedication fo those who left Church
Level of Support from sympathisers
Shared fear of Catholicism

Question 38

Reasons for James II’s fall

Answer 38

Legacy of English Reformation and fear of Catholicism
Legacy of Parlimentary Rule - balance of power between monarchy and parliment
Legacy of civil war - desire to avoid bloody conflict and fear of JII to avoid CII fate

Question 39

JII’s disastrous Catholic policies

Answer 39

Standing army and dispensations - 1685 refused to disband arm raised to defeat Monmouth, 1686 Godden v Hales to put foward judicial decleration that dispensations for Catholics to become officers were allowed
New Court of Ecclesiastical Commission 1686 issued instructions to Bs forbidding preaching of anti-Catholic sermons
Universities - forced Magdalen College Oxford 1687 to accept a Catholic President
Removal of Anglican Advisers 1687 Clarendon and Rochester
1st Decleration of Indulgence 1687
Aims to control boroughs, commissions of peace and future parliments, rewritings of charters 1685, 87 - by 1688 1/4 JPs Catholic

Question 40

2nd Decleration of Indulgence

Answer 40

1688 - renewed Decleration - 7 bishops including Ab of Canterbury, Sancroft, refuse to obey the order making ti clear that they were willling to tolerate dissenters, but could not accept it via the absolutist power of JII

Question 41

Distrust: Catholicism abroad

Answer 41

Context of onimous events in France - LXIV revoked Edict of Nantes 1685 so ending any toleration of Prots and forcing them to leave the country
JII issued Scottish Declaration of Indulgence 87
Ireland greater influence to Talbot, who became Earl of Tyrconell, from 1685, who purged Irish army of Protestants
Lready 1686 40% of officers and 67% of rank and file were Catholics

Question 42

The Catholic Heir

Answer 42

1688 JII’s wife Mary of Medena had a sone - hope that JII’s death would lead to succession by 2 prot daughters gone

Question 43

WofO

Answer 43

Letter to WofO summer 88 - signed by 7 leading political figures
WofO accepted as 7 names represented all interests in Eng and also to scure surivial of Dutch v LXIV
Successful Invasion Nov 1688 Devon - JII panicks and flees as Wiliam approaches London Dec 88
Escape = no martyr for Stuart cause