Studies Flashcards
(35 cards)
Luhrmann et al
- interviewed patients from Ghana, India and US about hearing voices
- the US subjects were more likely to report the voices heard were violent and hateful
- Hearing voices may be more acceptable in African cultures due to cultural beliefs of communication with ancestors
Copeland
-Found 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia compared to only 2% of British psychiatrists using the same patient description
Cheniaux et al
- More likely to be diagnosed using the ICD than DSM-V
- assessment criteria different= poor validity
Loring and Powell
- 56% of psychiatrists gave a diagnosis of schizophrenia when a patient in a case study was described as male or given no info about gender
- But when the same case was described as female only 20% gave a diagnosis
Longenecker et al
-Since the 1980s men have been diagnosed with schizophrenia more often than women
Buckley et al
- 50% of patients with schizophrenia also have depression
- 47% suffer from substance abuse
- 23% suffer with OCD
Ellason and Ross
-people with DID have more schizophrenic symptoms than people with schizophrenia
Read
-most people diagnosed with schizophrenia have sufficient symptoms to get diagnosis for another disorder
Whaley
-Inter-rater correlations for the DSM were as low as 0.11
Gottesman
- 48% concordance rates for MZ twins, 17% for DZ twins and 9% for siblings (Far from 100%)
- Shows that there is a strong relationship between the degree of genetic similarity and the shared risk of schizophrenia
Tienari et al (1)
-Adoptees with biological mothers who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia were x3 more likely to receive the same diagnosis than those whose biological mother did not have schizophrenia
Ripke et al
- Compared the genetic makeup of 37,000 patients with 113,000 controls
- Found 108 separate genetic variations which were associated with higher risk of schizophrenia
Juckel et al
- Found that reduced activity in the ventral striatum was associated with avolition
- This area is involved with the anticipation of reward, which creates motivation
- Without this people won’t engage in goal directed behaviour
Allen et al
-Found lower levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations
Goldman-Rakic et al
-Found low levels of hypodopaminergia in the prefrontal cortex associated with negative symptoms
Leucht et al
- Meta-analysis of 212 studies that analysed the effectiveness of different antipsychotic drugs compared with a placebo
- Found all drugs tested were significantly more effective than the placebo in treating positive and negative symptoms
Noll
-Claims that there is strong evidence against the dopamine hypothesis as antipsychotic drugs do not alleviate hallucinations and delusions in about 33% of patients
Fromm-Reichmann
-Schizophrenogenic Mother
-A cold, rejecting and controlling mum
-This can create a family environment of secrecy and tension
-Lead to distrust and paranoid delusions
(Psychodynamic approach)
Bateson et al
- Double-bind hypothesis
- Shows the role of communication within a family
- A child receives mixed messages about what to do and feels trapped in a situation where they fear doing the wrong thing
- Can’t ask for clarification
- Punished through withdrawal of love
- Leads to a view of the world as a confusing and dangerous place
- Causes disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions
Frith et al
- Identified 2 types of dysfunctional thought processing;
1) Metarepresentation= ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour, allowing us to insight into our own intentions and goals and interpret others actions. Dysfunctional when inability to recognise our actions as our own (hallucinations)
2) Central Control= ability to suppress automatic responses while we perform deliberate actions. Causes disorganised speech → inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech triggered by other thoughts.
Read et al
-Reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia
-Concluded that 69% of women and 59% of men inpatients had a history of childhood abuse
(Early trauma affects the developing brain)
Tienari et al (2)
- Genetic vulnerability wasn’t sufficient in causing schizophrenia in the adoptees
- Children with schizo bio mums were only rated as more likely to develop schizo if their adopted family was rated as disturbed
Stirling et al
- Compared 30 patients with schizo with 18 non-patient controls on cognitive tasks including the Stroop Test
- Patients took over twice as long to name the ink colours as the control group
Jauhar et al
-Reviewed 34 studies of CBT for schizo and concluded that it had significant but fairly small effect on both positive and negative symptoms
