Studies Paper 1 Flashcards by Ewan Jones | Brainscape

Q

Jennes (1932) - Informative Social Influence

A

Estimated number of beans in a jar the discussed estimates in groups
Significant convergence to group estimate

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Q

Asch (1951) - Normative Social Influence

Procedure

A

123 American males
6 to 8 confederates
12/18 critical trials
Control group of 36

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Q

Asch (1951) - Normative Social Influence

Findings

A

0.4% error in control group
32% conformity rate
75% conformed at least once
5% conformed everytime

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Q

Asch (1955) - Factors affecting conformity Group size

A

Group size
1 - 0%
2 - 14%
3 - 32% and kept the same

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Q

Asch (1955) - Factors affecting conformity

Unanimity

A

1 dissenting confederate - 25%

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Q

Asch (1955) - Factors affecting conformity

Task difficulty

A

As it got harder the conformity rose

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Q

Zimbardo (1973) - Procedure

A

Mock prison
Psychological testing
Arrested, deloused, strip searched
Given number and uniform
Allowed to anything but physical violence

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Q

Zimbardo (1973) - Findings

A

stopped after 6 days after planned 14
prisoners rebelled day 2
Guards harassed prisoners
Prisoners depressed and anxious after experiment
Prisoners released day 1 and 2 on day 4

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Q

Milgram (1963) - Procedure

A

40 male participants aged 20 to 50
started at 15v and went up to 450 in 15 levels
learner pounded on wall at 300v
no response to next question but pounded at 315v
gave no response after this

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Q

Milgram (1963) - Findings

A

0% stopped below 300v
12.5% stopped at 300v
65% went to 450v
3 full seizures and signs of extreme tension
84% happy to have participated

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Q

Situational variables by Milgram

Run down office block

A

48%

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Q

Situational variables by Milgram

learner in same room

A

40%

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Q

Situational variables by Milgram

teacher forces hand on plate

A

30%

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Q

Situational variables by Milgram

experimenter gives orders on phone

A

20.5%

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Q

Situational variables by Milgram

civilian clothes

A

20%

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Q

Adorno et al (1950)

A

more than 2000 white middle class americans
one scale was F-scale
highest on f-scale had high respect for authority and disapproving of those below them

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Q

Moscovici et al (1969) - procedure

Minority influence

A

4 naïve participants and 2 confederates
shown series of blue slides
confederates called them green every time or 2/3 of the time
control of 6 naïve

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Q

Moscovici et al (1969) - findings

Minority influence

A

control all said blue
1% for inconsistent
8% for consistent

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Q

Bahrick et al (1975) - Duration results

A

within 15 years 90% accurate for photo and 60% for name recall
48 years 70% photo and 30% name

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Q

Corkin (1968) LTM

A

HM
amnesia
learned to track line with rotating disc in a few days but couldn’t remember first session

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Q

Baddeley (1966) coding

A

3 lists
1 acoustic, 1 semantic, 1 random
recall immediately was worst with acoustic
recall after 20 mins was worst for semantic

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Q

Jacobs (1887) capacity

A

digit span

- mean span was 7.3 to 9.3

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Q

Hunt (1980) WMM

A

psychomotor task whilst intelligence task

- worse performance on psychomotor as difficulty increased

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Q

Baddeley and Hitch (1977) Interference

A

Asked rugby players to remember teams

- Players who played most games did worse proportionally

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Q

Godden and Baddeley (1975) contex dependent forgetting

A

deep sea divers
list of words to learn
1/4 learned on land and recalled on land
1/4 learned on land and recalled in sea
1/4 learned in sea and recalled in sea
1/4 learned in sea and recalled on land
30% worse recall on those who swapped places

Q

Goodwin et al (1969) state dependent forgetting

A

list of words to learn
1/4 learned drunk recalled drunk and so on
recall lots worse when swapped

Q

Loftus and Palmer experiment 1 (1974)
Leading questions
Procedure

A

45 participants
shown video of crash
questionnaire
asked how fast were the cars going when they _____ each other?
verbs of smashed, collided, bumped, hit and contacted

Q

Loftus and Palmer experiment 1 (1974)
Leading questions
Results

A

Smashed- 40.8mph
Collided- 39.3
Bumped- 38.1
Hit- 34.0
Contacted- 31.8

Q

Loftus and Palmer experiment 2 (1974)
Leading questions
Procedure

A

150 participants
3 groups
shown crash
asked about speed like question in 1st
asked if they saw glass
was no glass

Q

Loftus and Palmer experiment 2 (1974)
Leading questions
Results

A

smashed- 16 ‘saw’ glass, 34 didn’t
hit- 7 yes, 43 no
control (no speed question)- 6 yes, 44 no

Q

Wright et al (2000)
Post event discussion
Procedure

A

shown series of photos of a woman stealing a wallet
50% saw photos with an accomplice
talked about it with person from other group

Q

Wright et al (2000)
Post event discussion
Results

A

79% agreed if there was an accomplice or not

Q

Johnson and Scott (1976)
Anxiety- Negative effects/weapon focus
Procedure

A

In waiting room for a lab experiment
heard argument in other room
Condition 1- man walked out with pen and grease on hands
Condition 2- man walked out with knife and blood on hands

Q

Johnson and Scott (1976)
Anxiety- Negative effects/weapon focus
Results

A

49% accurately recalled out of 50 photos in condition 1

- 33% in condition 2

Q

Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Anxiety- positive
Procedure

A

Used real life shooting in gas station where owner shot a thief
21 witnesses
13 took part
interviewed 4-5 months after event and first interviews
Also asked to rank themselves on a 7 point scale on levels of anxiety at the time

Q

Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Anxiety- positive
Results

A

higher levels of anxiety recalled 88% of information correctly from their first interview
Lower anxiety was 75%

Q

Geiselman et al (1985)
Cognitive interview
Procedure

A

Viewed film of violent crime

- After 48 hours they were interviewed using CI, Standard or hypnosis

Q

Geiselman et al (1985)
Cognitive interview
Results

A

CI- 41.2 correct facts
Hypnosis- 38
Standard- 29.4

Q

Tronick et al (1979)

Reciprocity

A

Mothers stopped moving and maintained a static unsmiling expression
Babies tried to initiate mothers to interact
Babies became distressed

Q

Meltzoff and Moore (1977)

A

Infants given 3 facial expressions
Video of behaviour recorded
Independent judges asked to rate infants behaviour to 4 target behaviours
Significant association between models behaviour and infants behaviour

Q

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Stages of attachment
Procedure

A

60 babies, 31 male, 29 female
From skilled working class families in Glasgow
Visited babies every month for first year and then at 18 months
asked what protest babies showed from separation from mother
observed stranger anxiety

Q

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Stages of attachment
Results

A

25-32 weeks 50% had separation anxiety

- 40 weeks 80% had specific attachments and 30% had multiple attachments

Q

Lorenz (1935)
Animal studies of attachment
Procedure

A

Took a clutch of gosling eggs
Half stayed with mother half went in incubator
He was the first thing they saw when born in incubator
Imprinting behaviours measured after birth

Q

Lorenz (1935)
Animal studies of attachment
Results

A

Imprinted on him

- Critical period to imprint of 72 hours

Q

Harlow (1959)
Animal studies of attachment
Procedure

A

8 monkeys
soft cloth mother with monkey head
metal wire mother with wire head
4 monkeys feed on soft mother, 4 on wire mother
observations made on with mother they spent most time with
Behaviour observed when scared by mechanical teddy

Q

Harlow (1959)
Animal studies of attachment
Results

A

All 8 spent more time with soft mother
Those with food on wire only spent time when feeding
Clung to soft mother when frightened
Kept one foot on soft mother when playing for reassurance

Q

Grossman (2002)

Role of father

A

longitutional study
looked at both parents relationship with child
Found fathers role serve as play and stimulation over nurturing

Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation
Procedure

A

32 studies
8 countries
meta analysis
1990 children

Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation
Results

A

more variation within cultures than between cultures
most secure in Britain
most insecure avoidant in Germany
most insecure resistant in Israel

Q

Simonella et al (2014)

Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation

A

Italian
50% secure
36% insecure avoidant
14% insecure resistant

Q

Jin et al (2012)

Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation

A

Korean
87 children
most were secure
most insecure were resistant and 1 was avoidant
different parenting style in korea

Q

Bowlby (1944)

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A

44 thieves
families interviewed
14/44 affectionless psychopaths
12/14 of those had experienced long separations

Q

Rutter (2011)
Romanian orphans
Procedure

A

165 orphans adopted in Britain
Physical, cognitive and emotional development assessed
Assessments at age 4,6,11 and 15
52 British children adopted at the same time were a control group

Q

Rutter (2011)
Romanian orphans
Results

A

Half showed signs of mental retardation when they first arrived
age 11 they showed differential rates in IQ
adopted before 6 months- 102
adopted between 6 months and 2- 86
adopted after 2 years- 77
after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment

Q

Gilroy et al (2003)

Systematic desensitisation

A

42 patients with spider phobias
Given SD in 3 45 min sessions
control treated with relaxation and no exposure
3 months and 33 months the SD group were less fearful of spiders

Q

Bates et al (1999)

Irrational thinking causing depression

A

Depressed patients given negative automatic thought statements became more depressed

Q

March et al (2007)

CBT and drugs

A

377 adolescents with depression
36 weeks of treatment
81% significantly improved with Cbt OR drugs
86% improved with Cbt AND antidepressants

Q

Lewis (1936)

OCD genetics

A

37% of patients had parents with it

- 21% had siblings with it

Q

Nestadt et al (2010)

OCD genetics twin study

A

68% MZ twins

- 31% DZ twins

Q

Soomro et al (2009)

SSRI’s OCD

A

Reviewed 17 studies
all found SSRI’s to be significantly better than placebo
on average symptoms declined for 70% of patients