Studies Paper 1 Flashcards
(60 cards)
1
Q
Jennes (1932) - Informative Social Influence
A
- Estimated number of beans in a jar the discussed estimates in groups
- Significant convergence to group estimate
2
Q
Asch (1951) - Normative Social Influence
Procedure
A
- 123 American males
- 6 to 8 confederates
- 12/18 critical trials
- Control group of 36
3
Q
Asch (1951) - Normative Social Influence
Findings
A
- 0.4% error in control group
- 32% conformity rate
- 75% conformed at least once
- 5% conformed everytime
4
Q
Asch (1955) - Factors affecting conformity Group size
A
- Group size
- 1 - 0%
- 2 - 14%
- 3 - 32% and kept the same
5
Q
Asch (1955) - Factors affecting conformity
Unanimity
A
1 dissenting confederate - 25%
6
Q
Asch (1955) - Factors affecting conformity
Task difficulty
A
As it got harder the conformity rose
7
Q
Zimbardo (1973) - Procedure
A
- Mock prison
- Psychological testing
- Arrested, deloused, strip searched
- Given number and uniform
- Allowed to anything but physical violence
8
Q
Zimbardo (1973) - Findings
A
- stopped after 6 days after planned 14
- prisoners rebelled day 2
- Guards harassed prisoners
- Prisoners depressed and anxious after experiment
- Prisoners released day 1 and 2 on day 4
9
Q
Milgram (1963) - Procedure
A
- 40 male participants aged 20 to 50
- started at 15v and went up to 450 in 15 levels
- learner pounded on wall at 300v
- no response to next question but pounded at 315v
- gave no response after this
10
Q
Milgram (1963) - Findings
A
- 0% stopped below 300v
- 12.5% stopped at 300v
- 65% went to 450v
- 3 full seizures and signs of extreme tension
- 84% happy to have participated
11
Q
Situational variables by Milgram
Run down office block
A
48%
12
Q
Situational variables by Milgram
learner in same room
A
40%
13
Q
Situational variables by Milgram
teacher forces hand on plate
A
30%
14
Q
Situational variables by Milgram
experimenter gives orders on phone
A
20.5%
15
Q
Situational variables by Milgram
civilian clothes
A
20%
16
Q
Adorno et al (1950)
A
- more than 2000 white middle class americans
- one scale was F-scale
- highest on f-scale had high respect for authority and disapproving of those below them
17
Q
Moscovici et al (1969) - procedure
Minority influence
A
- 4 naïve participants and 2 confederates
- shown series of blue slides
- confederates called them green every time or 2/3 of the time
- control of 6 naïve
18
Q
Moscovici et al (1969) - findings
Minority influence
A
- control all said blue
- 1% for inconsistent
- 8% for consistent
19
Q
Bahrick et al (1975) - Duration results
A
- within 15 years 90% accurate for photo and 60% for name recall
- 48 years 70% photo and 30% name
20
Q
Corkin (1968) LTM
A
- HM
- amnesia
- learned to track line with rotating disc in a few days but couldn’t remember first session
21
Q
Baddeley (1966) coding
A
- 3 lists
- 1 acoustic, 1 semantic, 1 random
- recall immediately was worst with acoustic
- recall after 20 mins was worst for semantic
22
Q
Jacobs (1887) capacity
A
- digit span
- mean span was 7.3 to 9.3
23
Q
Hunt (1980) WMM
A
- psychomotor task whilst intelligence task
- worse performance on psychomotor as difficulty increased
24
Q
Baddeley and Hitch (1977) Interference
A
- Asked rugby players to remember teams
- Players who played most games did worse proportionally
25
Godden and Baddeley (1975) contex dependent forgetting
- deep sea divers
- list of words to learn
- 1/4 learned on land and recalled on land
- 1/4 learned on land and recalled in sea
- 1/4 learned in sea and recalled in sea
- 1/4 learned in sea and recalled on land
- 30% worse recall on those who swapped places
26
Goodwin et al (1969) state dependent forgetting
- list of words to learn
- 1/4 learned drunk recalled drunk and so on
- recall lots worse when swapped
27
Loftus and Palmer experiment 1 (1974)
Leading questions
Procedure
- 45 participants
- shown video of crash
- questionnaire
- asked how fast were the cars going when they _____ each other?
- verbs of smashed, collided, bumped, hit and contacted
28
Loftus and Palmer experiment 1 (1974)
Leading questions
Results
```
Smashed- 40.8mph
Collided- 39.3
Bumped- 38.1
Hit- 34.0
Contacted- 31.8
```
29
Loftus and Palmer experiment 2 (1974)
Leading questions
Procedure
- 150 participants
- 3 groups
- shown crash
- asked about speed like question in 1st
- asked if they saw glass
- was no glass
30
Loftus and Palmer experiment 2 (1974)
Leading questions
Results
smashed- 16 'saw' glass, 34 didn't
hit- 7 yes, 43 no
control (no speed question)- 6 yes, 44 no
31
Wright et al (2000)
Post event discussion
Procedure
- shown series of photos of a woman stealing a wallet
- 50% saw photos with an accomplice
- talked about it with person from other group
32
Wright et al (2000)
Post event discussion
Results
79% agreed if there was an accomplice or not
33
Johnson and Scott (1976)
Anxiety- Negative effects/weapon focus
Procedure
- In waiting room for a lab experiment
- heard argument in other room
- Condition 1- man walked out with pen and grease on hands
- Condition 2- man walked out with knife and blood on hands
34
Johnson and Scott (1976)
Anxiety- Negative effects/weapon focus
Results
- 49% accurately recalled out of 50 photos in condition 1
| - 33% in condition 2
35
Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Anxiety- positive
Procedure
- Used real life shooting in gas station where owner shot a thief
- 21 witnesses
- 13 took part
- interviewed 4-5 months after event and first interviews
- Also asked to rank themselves on a 7 point scale on levels of anxiety at the time
36
Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Anxiety- positive
Results
- higher levels of anxiety recalled 88% of information correctly from their first interview
- Lower anxiety was 75%
37
Geiselman et al (1985)
Cognitive interview
Procedure
- Viewed film of violent crime
| - After 48 hours they were interviewed using CI, Standard or hypnosis
38
Geiselman et al (1985)
Cognitive interview
Results
CI- 41.2 correct facts
Hypnosis- 38
Standard- 29.4
39
Tronick et al (1979)
| Reciprocity
- Mothers stopped moving and maintained a static unsmiling expression
- Babies tried to initiate mothers to interact
- Babies became distressed
40
Meltzoff and Moore (1977)
- Infants given 3 facial expressions
- Video of behaviour recorded
- Independent judges asked to rate infants behaviour to 4 target behaviours
- Significant association between models behaviour and infants behaviour
41
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Stages of attachment
Procedure
- 60 babies, 31 male, 29 female
- From skilled working class families in Glasgow
- Visited babies every month for first year and then at 18 months
- asked what protest babies showed from separation from mother
- observed stranger anxiety
42
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Stages of attachment
Results
- 25-32 weeks 50% had separation anxiety
| - 40 weeks 80% had specific attachments and 30% had multiple attachments
43
Lorenz (1935)
Animal studies of attachment
Procedure
- Took a clutch of gosling eggs
- Half stayed with mother half went in incubator
- He was the first thing they saw when born in incubator
- Imprinting behaviours measured after birth
44
Lorenz (1935)
Animal studies of attachment
Results
- Imprinted on him
| - Critical period to imprint of 72 hours
45
Harlow (1959)
Animal studies of attachment
Procedure
- 8 monkeys
- soft cloth mother with monkey head
- metal wire mother with wire head
- 4 monkeys feed on soft mother, 4 on wire mother
- observations made on with mother they spent most time with
- Behaviour observed when scared by mechanical teddy
46
Harlow (1959)
Animal studies of attachment
Results
- All 8 spent more time with soft mother
- Those with food on wire only spent time when feeding
- Clung to soft mother when frightened
- Kept one foot on soft mother when playing for reassurance
47
Grossman (2002)
| Role of father
- longitutional study
- looked at both parents relationship with child
- Found fathers role serve as play and stimulation over nurturing
48
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation
Procedure
- 32 studies
- 8 countries
- meta analysis
- 1990 children
49
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation
Results
- more variation within cultures than between cultures
- most secure in Britain
- most insecure avoidant in Germany
- most insecure resistant in Israel
50
Simonella et al (2014)
| Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation
- Italian
- 50% secure
- 36% insecure avoidant
- 14% insecure resistant
51
Jin et al (2012)
| Cultural variation in attachment using Strange situation
- Korean
- 87 children
- most were secure
- most insecure were resistant and 1 was avoidant
- different parenting style in korea
52
Bowlby (1944)
| Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation
- 44 thieves
- families interviewed
- 14/44 affectionless psychopaths
- 12/14 of those had experienced long separations
53
Rutter (2011)
Romanian orphans
Procedure
- 165 orphans adopted in Britain
- Physical, cognitive and emotional development assessed
- Assessments at age 4,6,11 and 15
- 52 British children adopted at the same time were a control group
54
Rutter (2011)
Romanian orphans
Results
- Half showed signs of mental retardation when they first arrived
- age 11 they showed differential rates in IQ
- adopted before 6 months- 102
- adopted between 6 months and 2- 86
- adopted after 2 years- 77
- after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment
55
Gilroy et al (2003)
| Systematic desensitisation
- 42 patients with spider phobias
- Given SD in 3 45 min sessions
- control treated with relaxation and no exposure
- 3 months and 33 months the SD group were less fearful of spiders
56
Bates et al (1999)
| Irrational thinking causing depression
- Depressed patients given negative automatic thought statements became more depressed
57
March et al (2007)
| CBT and drugs
- 377 adolescents with depression
- 36 weeks of treatment
- 81% significantly improved with Cbt OR drugs
- 86% improved with Cbt AND antidepressants
58
Lewis (1936)
| OCD genetics
- 37% of patients had parents with it
| - 21% had siblings with it
59
Nestadt et al (2010)
| OCD genetics twin study
- 68% MZ twins
| - 31% DZ twins
60
Soomro et al (2009)
| SSRI's OCD
- Reviewed 17 studies
- all found SSRI's to be significantly better than placebo
- on average symptoms declined for 70% of patients
