Study Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
T or F
Creativity is defined as the ability to produce work that is original and of high quality.
A
True
Creativity is indeed defined as the ability to produce original and high-quality work.
2
Q
T or F
Activity Theory posits that optimal aging is achieved through maintaining activities from middle years.
A
True
Activity Theory posits that maintaining middle-age activities leads to optimal aging.
3
Q
T or F
Modernization theory suggests that aging leads to the empowerment of the elderly.
A
False
Modernization theory suggests aging leads to marginalization, not empowerment, of the elderly.
4
Q
T or F
The major problem with encoding information in long-term memory among older adults is the retrieval process.
A
True
Older adults often face challenges in retrieving information from long-term memory.
5
Q
T or F
Working memory is the process most active at the sensory and short-term memory levels, processing and storing information temporarily.
A
True
Working memory processes and temporarily stores information from sensory or short-term memory.
6
Q
T or F
Older adults can improve their long-term memory by using effective methods of encoding.
A
True
Effective encoding methods can improve long-term memory in older adults.
7
Q
T or F
Semantic memory involves vocabulary, numbers, colors, and the meaning of signs and symbols.
A
True
Semantic memory involves vocabulary, general knowledge, and symbolic meanings.
8
Q
T or F
Role Theory in gerontology suggests that older adults need to identify with positive social roles as they age.
A
True
Role Theory highlights the need for older adults to adopt positive social roles.
9
Q
T or F
The primary goal of maintaining independence in later life is retaining physical and mental functioning.
A
True
Independence in later life is about maintaining physical and mental functioning.
10
Q
T or F
Erikson’s Eight-Stage Theory of development suggests that in later life, individuals focus solely on personal achievements.
A
False
In Erikson’s 8th stage, focus is on life reflection and achieving integrity, not solely on personal achievements.
11
Q
T or F
Pfeiffer believes older adults can continue to maintain physical, psychological, and social functioning.
A
True
Pfeiffer emphasizes that older adults can maintain functioning in multiple domains.
12
Q
T or F
Working memory allows you to dial a phone number after looking away from the book.
A
True
Working memory enables recalling phone numbers or similar tasks.
13
Q
T or F
Longitudinal studies are characterized by studying the same individuals over a significant period.
A
True
Longitudinal studies track the same individuals over long periods.
14
Q
T or F
Wisdom involves the ability to remember past events according to the text.
A
False
Wisdom is more complex and involves insight and judgment, not merely recalling past events.
15
Q
T or F
Cross-sectional designs in gerontological research are popular because they allow for immediate analysis of data.
A
True
Cross-sectional studies are popular for their efficiency in analyzing data.
16
Q
T or F
In Transitions Theory, William Bridges emphasizes that transitions are often more significant than the stages themselves.
A
True
William Bridges in Transitions Theory focuses on the significance of transitions over stages.
17
Q
T or F
A mental disorder is characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior according to the WHO.
A
True
Mental disorders are defined by disturbances in cognition, emotion, or behavior as per WHO.
18
Q
T or F
Baltes and Baltes emphasize adaptation and compensation in relation to successful aging.
A
True
Baltes and Baltes emphasize adaptation and compensation in successful aging.
19
Q
T or F
The Interpretive Perspective in gerontology focuses on how people understand their aging and societal views.
A
True
The Interpretive Perspective explores how people and society perceive aging.
20
Q
T or F
Pfeiffer’s model of successful aging emphasizes adapting to the challenges of aging.
A
True
Pfeiffer’s model highlights adaptation to aging challenges.
21
Q
T or F
Short-term memory involves perceiving information like a telephone number in a telephone book.
A
True
Short-term memory involves perceiving and holding brief information like a phone number.
22
Q
T or F
According to the DSM-5, the updated term for dementia is Major Neurocognitive Disorders (M-NCDs).
A
True
The DSM-5 uses “Major Neurocognitive Disorders” (M-NCDs) for dementia.
23
Q
T or F
The old cliché “if you don’t use it; you’ll lose it” refers to crystallized intelligence regarding intelligence in later life.
A
False
The cliché “use it or lose it” refers to fluid intelligence, not crystallized intelligence.
24
Q
T or F
A positive sense of mental health among older adults is contributed to by social connections and community belonging.
A
True
Social connections and community belonging support mental health in older adults.
25
T or F
Non-normative life events in the Life Course Perspective are unexpected events that substantially alter one’s life course.
True
Non-normative life events are unexpected and disrupt life trajectories.
26
T or F
According to Pfeiffer, aging leads to increased susceptibility to degenerative diseases.
True
Pfeiffer associates aging with increased degenerative disease risk.
27
T or F
Crystallized intelligence is like the hard drive in a computer, relating to memory, data analysis, and logical skills.
True.
Crystallized intelligence can be compared to the hard drive in a computer as it involves the accumulation of knowledge, skills, and experience over time. It relates to memory and the use of learned information for data analysis and logical thinking. Just as a hard drive stores data and allows it to be retrieved and used, crystallized intelligence involves recalling and applying previously acquired knowledge to solve problems and understand concepts.
28
T or F
Episodic memory involves our ability to retrieve information about past events.
True
Episodic memory is about recalling specific past events.
29
T or F
The primary focus of Rowe and Kahn’s Model of Successful Aging is avoiding disease and disability.
False
Rowe and Kahn’s model includes three components: avoiding disease, high cognitive/physical function, and engagement.
30
T or F
The term ‘dementia’ refers to a specific disease.
False
Dementia is an umbrella term, not a specific disease.
31
T or F
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) needed to keep Canada’s population growing slightly is 3.
False.
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) needed to maintain a population at replacement level, not to grow it, is approximately 2.1 children per woman. A TFR of 3 would lead to significant population growth, not just slight growth. In Canada, the TFR has been below replacement level for many years.
32
T or F
First Nations have the highest disability rates among Indigenous Peoples.
True.
First Nations people in Canada generally have the highest disability rates among Indigenous Peoples, including Métis and Inuit populations. Various socio-economic and health-related factors contribute to this disparity.
33
T or F
Decreased infant mortality was the most significant factor in the increase of life expectancy from 1921 to 1951.
True.
Decreased infant mortality was one of the most significant factors contributing to the increase in life expectancy in Canada from 1921 to 1951. Improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and living conditions played a major role in this change.
34
T or F
Older adults requiring long-term care are often placed far away from their communities and culture due to provincial/territorial policies.
True.
Older adults, particularly from Indigenous or rural communities, are often placed in long-term care facilities far from their communities and cultural environments due to provincial and territorial policies and the lack of local care options. This can result in social isolation and cultural disconnection.
35
T or F
Overemployment is a significant challenge faced by aging populations in developing countries.
False.
Underemployment or unemployment is generally a more significant challenge in aging populations in developing countries, where there may be fewer economic opportunities, inadequate social security systems, and limited access to healthcare, rather than overemployment.
36
T or F
By 2030, 50% of the population in developed countries is expected to be aged 60 or over.
False.
By 2030, it is projected that around 25% of the population in developed countries will be aged 60 or over, not 50%. While the aging population is growing, it is not expected to reach 50% by that time.
37
T or F
The Census is conducted in Canada every 2 years.
False.
The Census in Canada is conducted every five years, not two. The most recent one was in 2021, and the next will be in 2026.
38
T or F
Societal and cohort norms and beliefs that physical activity benefits decline with age is a barrier to maintaining physical activity for older adults.
True.
Societal and cohort norms and beliefs that the benefits of physical activity decline with age can act as a barrier for older adults, making it harder for them to maintain or engage in physical activity. These misconceptions can reduce motivation and contribute to a more sedentary lifestyle.
39
T or F
The primary option for frail older adults when it comes to housing is long-term care homes.
True.
For frail older adults, long-term care homes are often the primary housing option, especially when they require significant assistance with daily activities or medical care that cannot be adequately provided at home or in more independent living arrangements. However, other options like assisted living or home care may also be available depending on the individual's needs and resources.
40
T or F
Asia is expected to have the lowest percentage of the population aged 60 or over by 2030.
False.
Asia is expected to have a significant portion of its population aged 60 or over by 2030, given its rapidly aging population, especially in countries like Japan and China. Africa is projected to have the lowest percentage of older adults by 2030.
41
T or F
The Membrane Theory of Aging suggests cell membranes become more efficient at transferring sodium and potassium with age.
False.
The Membrane Theory of Aging suggests that as we age, cell membranes become less efficient at transferring substances like sodium and potassium, which contributes to the aging process.
42
T or F
Alexander Leaf searched for the “fountain of youth.”
True.
Alexander Leaf was known for his research on longevity and aging, often exploring cultures with unusually high life expectancies, which some people associated with the search for the “fountain of youth.”
43
T or F
The proven longest lifespan in human history is 969 years.
False.
The longest verified human lifespan is 122 years, achieved by Jeanne Calment of France, not 969 years. The figure of 969 years is a reference to the biblical figure Methuselah, but it is not a proven fact.
44
T or F
Antioxidants are known to help stabilize free radicals.
True.
Antioxidants help stabilize free radicals by neutralizing them, which can reduce the damage they cause to cells and tissues. This process is thought to contribute to overall health and may slow aspects of aging.
45
T or F
Life span has nearly doubled in Canada over the past 150 years.
True.
Life span in Canada has nearly doubled over the past 150 years, primarily due to advancements in healthcare, improved living conditions, and reduced infant mortality rates.
46
T or F
Medications are a common cause of falls among older adults.
True.
Medications, particularly those that affect balance, coordination, or blood pressure, are a common cause of falls among older adults. This includes sedatives, antidepressants, and blood pressure medications.
47
T or F
Human cells can divide 100 times according to the Hayflick Limit Theory.
False.
According to the Hayflick Limit Theory, human cells can divide approximately 40 to 60 times, not 100. This limit refers to the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops, which is linked to aging and cellular senescence.
48
T or F
Dr. Leonard Hayflick developed the Membrane Theory of Aging.
False.
Dr. Leonard Hayflick is known for the Hayflick Limit Theory, not the Membrane Theory of Aging. The Membrane Theory of Aging suggests that age-related changes in cell membranes contribute to the aging process, but it was not developed by Hayflick.
49
T or F
The current number of centenarians worldwide is 116.
False.
The number of centenarians worldwide is much higher than 116. As of recent estimates, there are hundreds of thousands of centenarians globally, with the number expected to increase significantly in the coming years due to advancements in healthcare and increased life expectancy.
50
T or F
Arthritis is a cardiovascular disease.
False.
Arthritis is not a cardiovascular disease; it is a condition that affects the joints, causing pain, inflammation, and stiffness. Cardiovascular diseases, on the other hand, are related to the heart and blood vessels.
51
T or F
The pituitary gland has no impact on aging.
False.
The pituitary gland does have an impact on aging as it plays a crucial role in regulating hormones that affect various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and the aging process itself.
52
T or F
Lipofuscin is a cellular toxin mentioned in the Membrane Theory of Aging.
True.
Lipofuscin is considered a cellular waste product that accumulates in cells over time and is often associated with aging. In the context of the Membrane Theory of Aging, it is regarded as a toxin that can contribute to cellular dysfunction.
53
T or F
The birth records of Abkhasian Methuselah’s were falsified due to clerical errors.
True.
The birth records of individuals claiming to be Abkhasian Methuselahs (very long-lived individuals from Abkhazia, a region in Georgia) have been suggested to contain clerical errors or inaccuracies. This has raised questions about the validity of their reported ages.
54
T or F
Free radicals try to steal electrons from balanced molecules.
True.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that have unpaired electrons, which makes them highly reactive. They often try to steal electrons from stable molecules in order to achieve balance, leading to potential damage in cells and tissues.
55
T or F
The pituitary gland is central to the Neuroendocrine Theory.
True.
The pituitary gland plays a central role in the Neuroendocrine Theory of aging, as it regulates the release of hormones that influence various bodily functions and aging processes.
56
T or F
The current number of centenarians worldwide is over 500,000.
True.
As of recent estimates, the number of centenarians worldwide has surpassed 500,000.
57
T or F
Marie Louise Meilleur was the oldest Canadian ever recorded.
True.
Marie Louise Meilleur was recognized as the oldest recorded Canadian, having lived to the age of 117 years and 230 days.
58
T or F
Ponce de Leon searched for the “fountain of youth.”
True.
Ponce de León is famously associated with the search for the "Fountain of Youth," a mythical spring that supposedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks from it.
59
T or F
The birth records of Abkhasian Methuselah’s were falsified to avoid military service and to promote tourism.
True.
The birth records of some Abkhasian Methuselahs (individuals claiming extreme old age) have been alleged to be falsified to avoid military service and to enhance the region's appeal for tourism.
60
T or F
A common result of free radical damage is cellular dysfunction.
True.
Free radical damage can lead to cellular dysfunction, as it disrupts normal cellular processes and can contribute to various aging-related diseases.
61
T or F
62
T or F
Cortisol is suggested to damage the hypothalamus.
True.
Excessive cortisol levels, often associated with chronic stress, can indeed have damaging effects on the hypothalamus and other areas of the brain.
63
T or F
Loss of memory and intelligence is often not due to age.
True
64
T or F
A mental disorder is characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior.
True
65
T or F
Sensory memory involves perceiving information like a telephone number in a telephone book.
True
sensory memory does involve perceiving information like a telephone number in a telephone book. Sensory memory is the very brief retention of sensory information, such as sights, sounds, and textures, immediately after the original stimuli have ended. It serves as the first stage in the process of transferring sensory input into meaningful information.
When you look at a telephone number in a phone book, your visual sensory memory, also known as iconic memory, briefly holds the visual image of the numbers. This allows you to perceive the information long enough to process and encode it into short-term or working memory, where you can then use it or store it for a longer period.False (Sensory memory involves very brief retention of sensory information, not remembering specific information like a phone number from a book.)
66
T or F
The majority of people living with dementia end up in nursing homes due to the need for consistent, around-the-clock care.
True
67
T or F
More than 50% of older Canadians living in long-term care homes are affected by Alzheimer’s disease.
True
68
T or F
Episodic memory involves our ability to retrieve information about past events.
True
69
T or F
Working memory is most active at the sensory and short-term memory levels, processing and storing information temporarily.
True
70
T or F
Fluid intelligence is like the hard drive in a computer, relating to memory, data analysis, and logical skills.
False (Fluid intelligence involves reasoning and problem-solving skills rather than memory and data storage, which are associated with crystallized intelligence.)
71
T or F
The old cliché “if you don’t use it; you’ll lose it” refers to fluid intelligence regarding intelligence in later life.
True
72
T or F
Crystallized intelligence is like the hard drive in a computer.
True
73
T or F
Dementia refers to a general term for impaired cognitive abilities.
True
Dementia is indeed a general term that refers to a decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. It is not a specific disease but rather a syndrome that encompasses a range of symptoms, including memory loss, language difficulties, problem-solving issues, and impaired reasoning. Dementia can result from various underlying diseases or conditions, the most common being Alzheimer's disease. Other forms include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Each type of dementia may present with different symptoms but shares the overarching feature of cognitive impairment.
74
T or F
The prevalence of depression among the population over 65 is 30% to 40%.
False (Prevalence of depression in older adults is typically lower, closer to 5-10% in community-dwelling adults.)
75
T or F
The old cliché “if you don’t use it; you’ll lose it” refers to crystallized intelligence regarding intelligence in later life.
False ("If you don’t use it, you’ll lose it" is more commonly associated with fluid intelligence.)
76
T or F
Baltes and Staudinger suggest that cognitive pragmatics improves with age.
True
77
T or F
Creativity is defined as the ability to produce work that is original and of high quality.
True
78
T or F
The prevalence of depression among the population over 65 is 5% to 10%.
True
79
T or F
Older adults can improve their long-term memory by using effective methods of encoding.
True
80
T or F
Sensory memory allows you to dial a phone number after looking away from the book.
True
81
T or F
Semantic memory involves vocabulary, numbers, colors, and the meaning of signs and symbols.
True
82
T or F
Wisdom involves insight and good judgment from life experience.
True
83
T or F
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of neurocognitive disorder.
True
84
T or F
Short-term memory involves perceiving information like a telephone number in a telephone book.
True
Yes, short-term memory does involve perceiving information like a telephone number in a telephone book. When you look up a telephone number, your short-term memory (also known as working memory) holds this information temporarily. This allows you to use it right away, such as when you're dialing the number. Typically, short-term memory can hold about 7 ± 2 items for a brief period, usually around 20 to 30 seconds, unless rehearsal or other strategies are used to extend this duration.
85
T or F
The major problem with encoding information in long-term memory among older adults is the encoding process.
True
86
T or F
Short-term memory allows you to dial a phone number after looking away from the book.
True
87
T or F
Crystallized intelligence can increase during the life cycle as one gains more knowledge.
True
88
T or F
The focus of the Berlin Wisdom Project is assessing wisdom in dealing with real-life problems.
True
89
T or F
The updated term for dementia according to the DSM-5 is Major Neurocognitive Disorders (M-NCDs).True
True
90
T or F
Social connections and community belonging contribute to a positive sense of mental health among older adults.
True
91
T or F
Alzheimer’s disease can go through three or four distinct stages.
True
92
T or F
Alzheimer’s disease was named after a German physician.
True
93
T or F
Macro-level theories focus on the individual and their aging process.
False
Macro-level theories examine societal structures and systems, not individuals.
94
T or F
Disengagement Theory suggests that older adults face exploitation from society.
False
Disengagement Theory suggests mutual withdrawal between older adults and society as a natural part of aging.
95
T or F
Cross-sectional designs in gerontological research are popular because they focus on subjective experiences of individuals.
False
Cross-sectional designs study populations at one time point and are not designed for subjective, longitudinal insights.
96
T or F
Exchange Theory in the context of aging primarily focuses on reciprocity and beneficence in support systems.
True
Exchange Theory emphasizes fairness and balance in social relationships, especially for older adults.
97
T or F
Symbolic Interactionism suggests that older adults’ self-perception is influenced by society’s views on aging.
True
Symbolic Interactionism examines how societal attitudes shape individual identity and self-perception.
98
T or F
One of the challenges for the aging subculture in Canada is to reduce its reliance on healthcare.
True
One of the challenges for the aging subculture in Canada is indeed to reduce its reliance on healthcare. As the population ages, there is an increasing demand for healthcare services, which can strain the healthcare system. Efforts are being made to address this challenge by promoting healthy aging, preventing chronic diseases, and encouraging older adults to maintain their independence and well-being through community support and other resources
99
T or F
Modernization theory suggests that aging leads to the empowerment of the elderly.
False
Modernization Theory argues that as societies modernize, the status of older adults often declines.
100
T or F
Socio-Environmental Theory emphasizes that life satisfaction among older adults depends on the context they live in.
True
This theory highlights the importance of environmental and social factors in shaping well-being.
101
T or F
The final stage in Erikson’s model, ego-integrity, is characterized by personal reflection and acceptance of one’s past.
True
Ego integrity involves reflecting on life with a sense of fulfillment and acceptance.
102
T or F
Activity Theory posits that optimal aging is achieved through maintaining activities from middle years.
True
Activity Theory suggests that staying engaged in meaningful activities promotes well-being in later life.
103
T or F
Erikson’s Eight-Stage Theory of development suggests that in later life, individuals engage in generativity and seek ego integrity.
True
Generativity occurs earlier in adulthood, while ego integrity is the focus in later life.
104
T or F
The concept of an aged subculture implies that older adults interact more within their subculture than with the larger society.
True
This concept emphasizes how older adults create supportive networks within their age group.
105
T or F
Bridges’ Transitions Theory suggests that during transitions, individuals should engage in reflection and soul searching.
True
William Bridges emphasizes the importance of introspection during life transitions.
106
T or F
Continuity Theory suggests that older adults’ life satisfaction is linked to preserving ties with their past.
True
Continuity Theory emphasizes maintaining consistency in roles, activities, and self-concept.
107
T or F
Role Theory in gerontology suggests that older adults need to identify with positive social roles as they age.
True
Role Theory focuses on adapting to new roles while retaining a sense of purpose.
108
T or F
The Interpretive Perspective in gerontology focuses on how people understand their aging and how society views the elderly.
True
This perspective studies the subjective experiences of aging and societal perceptions.
109
T or F
According to Gouldner, when older adults cannot reciprocate help, they may feel happier and more content.
False
Older adults often feel uncomfortable or indebted when unable to reciprocate help.
110
T or F
According to the Life Course Perspective, human development is seen as a lifelong process of continual change.
True
The Life Course Perspective emphasizes development across all stages of life.
111
T or F
Qualitative research in gerontology is valuable because it offers depth and context through non-numerical data.
True
Qualitative methods provide insights into experiences, emotions, and cultural contexts.
112
T or F
Disengagement Theory suggests that aging is a process of maintaining equilibrium.
False
Disengagement Theory focuses on withdrawal rather than equilibrium.
113
T or F
Activity Theory posits that optimal aging is achieved through the process of societal withdrawal.
False
Activity Theory promotes engagement, not withdrawal, for successful aging.
114
T or F
Continuity Theory suggests that older adults’ life satisfaction is linked to financial stability.
False
Continuity Theory is about maintaining consistent roles and routines, not financial aspects.
115
T or F
Generativity, as described by Erikson, involves mentoring and assisting others.
True
Generativity focuses on contributing to the well-being of others, often through mentoring.
116
T or F
Longitudinal studies are characterized by studying the same individuals over a significant period.
True
Longitudinal studies track individuals over time to observe changes and trends.
117
T or F
Role Theory in gerontology suggests that older adults tend to maintain the same roles throughout their life.
False
Role Theory acknowledges that roles evolve as individuals age.
118
T or F
Non-normative life events in the Life Course Perspective are events that have no impact on personal development.
False
Non-normative events, such as unexpected losses, significantly influence development.
119
T or F
In Transitions Theory, William Bridges emphasizes that there are no opportunities for growth in later life.
False
Bridges’ theory highlights growth and adaptation during transitions, even in later life.
120
T or F
The biological aspects of aging are emphasized by the Interpretive Perspective in gerontology.
False
The Interpretive Perspective focuses on subjective meanings, not biological processes.
121
T or F
The Life Course Perspective differs from the biological model by emphasizing personal growth throughout the life stages.
True
This perspective integrates growth, experiences, and social factors across life stages.
122
T or F
The main advantage of quantitative research in gerontology is its objectivity and potential for generalization.
True
Quantitative methods allow researchers to make generalized conclusions based on numerical data.
123
What is the focus of Pfeiffer’s Model of Successful Aging?
a) Prioritizing financial stability and security in later life
b) Emphasizing physical exercise and dietary habits for healthy aging
c) Reducing dependence on technological aids for everyday activities
d) Achieving personal satisfaction and positive self-perception in older adulthood
d) Achieving personal satisfaction and positive self-perception in older adulthood.
Pfeiffer’s Model of Successful Aging emphasizes the importance of individuals achieving a positive self-concept and satisfaction with their lives as they age.
124
What is the focus of Baltes and Baltes' Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model?
a) Increasing financial independence in older adults
b) Promoting lifelong learning and education
c) Enhancing the health and mobility of older adults through medical interventions
d) Maximizing gains and minimizing losses in aging through adaptive strategies
d) Maximizing gains and minimizing losses in aging through adaptive strategies.
The SOC Model emphasizes the use of adaptive strategies to achieve optimal functioning by selecting specific goals, optimizing resources, and compensating for losses.
125
What is the focus of Rowe and Kahn's Model of Successful Aging?
a) Reducing financial dependence in older adults
b) Promoting active engagement in life, avoiding disease, and maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning
c) Enhancing social connections and community involvement
d) Increasing access to healthcare services for the elderly
b) Promoting active engagement in life, avoiding disease, and maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning.
Rowe and Kahn’s Model of Successful Aging emphasizes the importance of three main components: avoiding disease and disability, maintaining high physical and cognitive function, and continuing engagement in social and productive activities.
126
Explain Role Theory:
a) Aging leads to increased isolation and withdrawal from social roles
b) Aging individuals adapt to changing social roles by adopting new roles that are more suitable
c) Aging results in a complete loss of social roles and identity
d) Aging individuals prioritize physical fitness over social roles
b) Aging individuals adapt to changing social roles by adopting new roles that are more suitable.
Role Theory suggests that as people age, they adapt to changes in their social roles, often taking on new roles that fit their capabilities and circumstances.
127
What does Activity Theory suggest about aging?
a) Aging leads to an inevitable decline in physical and mental capabilities
b) Aging involves gradually withdrawing from social roles and responsibilities
c) Aging individuals maintain their happiness and well-being by staying active and engaged in social, physical, and productive activities
d) Aging is primarily influenced by genetic factors
c) Aging individuals maintain their happiness and well-being by staying active and engaged in social, physical, and productive activities.
Activity Theory posits that continued activity and engagement in various aspects of life contribute to higher levels of satisfaction and well-being among older adults.
Focus: Maintaining middle-aged levels of activity leads to optimal aging.
Key Ideas:
- Substitution of lost roles (e.g., work, friends) with new activities is essential for satisfaction.
- Continuous engagement in meaningful activities promotes well-being.
Criticisms:
- Assumes all older adults can easily replace lost activities, ignoring disparities in health, income, and social networks.
- Overemphasizes activity quantity without considering activity quality.
128
What does Disengagement Theory suggest about aging?
a) Aging individuals strive to maintain continuity in their social roles and activities
b) Aging involves gradually withdrawing from social roles and responsibilities to prepare for the end of life
c) Aging leads to increased physical activity and fitness
d) Aging individuals prioritize financial stability over social interactions
b) Aging involves gradually withdrawing from social roles and responsibilities to prepare for the end of life.
Disengagement Theory posits that it is a natural and acceptable part of aging for individuals to withdraw from their social roles and reduce their level of engagement with society.
Focus: Withdrawal from societal roles is a natural and inevitable part of aging.
Key Ideas:
- Older adults and society mutually disengage for the benefit of both.
- Assumes disengagement is universal.
Criticisms:
- Lacks empirical support; disengagement is not universal or inevitable.
- Implies withdrawal is beneficial for society, which may devalue older adults' contributions.
129
What does Continuity Theory suggest about aging?
a) Aging leads to a complete abandonment of past roles and activities
b) Aging individuals maintain consistency in their behaviors, activities, and relationships over time
c) Aging is solely focused on acquiring new knowledge and skills
d) Aging results in increased physical activity and fitness
b) Aging individuals maintain consistency in their behaviors, activities, and relationships over time.
Continuity Theory posits that individuals tend to preserve their habits, preferences, and social roles throughout their life to maintain a sense of identity and well-being.
130
What does Socio-Environmental Theory suggest about aging?
a) Aging involves maintaining strong social networks and interactions to ensure well-being
b) Aging individuals reduce their social interactions to focus on personal hobbies
c) Aging leads to an inevitable decline in physical and mental capabilities
d) Aging individuals prioritize financial stability over social interactions
a) Aging involves maintaining strong social networks and interactions to ensure well-being.
Socio-Environmental Theory emphasizes the importance of the social and physical environment in supporting the well-being and quality of life of older adults, highlighting the need for a supportive and engaging social network.
Focus: How physical and social contexts shape older adults' experiences and satisfaction.
Key Ideas:
- Physical proximity and age-homogeneous environments foster social connections.
- Social environments can mitigate or exacerbate challenges in aging.
Criticisms:
- Overemphasizes the external environment, underestimating individual agency.
- May not account for diverse cultural and personal preferences.
131
What does the Life Course Perspective suggest about aging?
a) Aging is a process that involves the inevitable decline in physical and mental capabilities
b) Aging is a universal experience that is the same for everyone, regardless of individual differences
c) Aging involves a series of interconnected life stages influenced by historical, social, and cultural contexts, as well as individual choices and experiences
d) Aging leads to a complete withdrawal from social roles and responsibilities to prepare for the end of lifeExplain the Life Course Perspective:
c) Aging involves a series of interconnected life stages influenced by historical, social, and cultural contexts, as well as individual choices and experiences.
The Life Course Perspective emphasizes that aging is a dynamic process shaped by an individual's experiences, social relationships, and the broader historical and cultural context.
a framework for understanding how individuals’ lives are shaped by social, historical, and cultural contexts. It examines the interplay of life events, personal choices, and societal influences over time.
132
What is Fluid Intelligence?
a) The ability to recall and use previously learned information and skills
b) The capability to reason quickly and solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge
c) The knowledge and skills acquired through education and experience
d) The ability to maintain physical health and fitness in old age
b) The capability to reason quickly and solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge.
Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. It involves the capacity to analyze and understand relationships, patterns, and abstract thinking.
133
What is Crystallized Intelligence?
a) The ability to reason quickly and solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge
b) The capacity to recall and use previously learned information and skills
c) The ability to maintain physical health and fitness in old age
d) The tendency to adapt to changing social roles in later life
b) The capacity to recall and use previously learned information and skills.
Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills that individuals acquire through experience and education, and their ability to use this accumulated knowledge in various situations.
