STUDY 2: SKIN AND MUSCULATURE

Question 1

function of the sensory organ: skin

Answer 1

• protect against trauma and infection
• regulate body temperature
• help eliminate fluids (sweating)
• prevent dehydration
• manufacture vitamin d

Question 2

melanin

Answer 2

colour of the skin

Question 3

epidermis

Answer 3

outermost part of the skin

made up of several layers of cells that are constantly replaced

Question 4

cutaneous

Answer 4

anything pertaining to the skin

Question 5

dermis (corium)

Answer 5

lower main layer

contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair roots and fat cells

extremely elastic and can stretch when injury causes fluid to build under the skin

Question 6

neurological deficit

Answer 6

damage of nerves in traumatic injury

pain is felt through nerves and transmits feeling into brain

Question 7

types of skin injuries

Answer 7

abrasions

contusions/bruising/hematoma

lacerations

hemorrhage

scars

burns

Question 8

abrasions

Answer 8

caused by rubbing and scraping

caused by body hitting any part of an automobile, pavement or other surface

also called “skin burns”

bleeding = minimal but pain can be intense

does not cause disability period / heal on their own

can sometimes appear as clusters of little red dots = petechia

Question 9

contusions / bruising / hematoma

Answer 9

contusions are injuries where skin is not broken = bruising

no surface skin damage / damage to underlying tissues from ruptured blood vessels

simple bruising OR hematoma can occur

hematoma = pooled blood from damaged blood vessels under skin surface

increasing in size or not fading = continued bleeding

blood vessels may need to be tied to control bleeding (ligation)

bed rest + anti-inflammatory meds needed

Question 10

laceration

Answer 10

tears of the flesh

irregular, jagged, shredded appearance

described by: how big they are and how deep wound is in cm’s

transverse laceration / sever the cutaneous nerves = numbness at laceration site

numbness can last indefinitely / cold and dull feeling

lacerations dont bleed freely as a clean cut / they are shredded (irregular bleeding) leading to contamination

Question 11

debridement

Answer 11

cleanse a wound by removing dirt, contamination and badly damaged tissues

in lacerated wounds, bleeding isnt free and regular / contamination is not carried out of tissue and infections can occur

Question 12

hemorrhage

Answer 12

excessive discharge of blood (internal or external)

applying pressure is necessary to stop bleeding

blood can be from venous or arterial blood vessels

treatment: cleansing wound and applying cold (contract blood vessels to slow bleeding)

cleansing, slowing and stopping bleeding then bandaging is standard

Question 13

arterial hemorrhage

Answer 13

flow of blood in spurts or waves unless damaged artery is deep or buried (steady blood flow)

Question 14

scars

Answer 14

when lacerated wounds do not heal properly

tissue replaced w/ inelastic fibrous tissue

scars form when the dermis is damaged

body forms collagen fibres to mend the damage (new texture than surrounding tissue)

Question 15

hypertrophic scar versus keloid scar

Answer 15

hypertrophic - flatter, dense fibrous tissue

keloid - looks kinda scary, raised, excessive amounts of collagen formed, very itchy, becomes larger

Question 16

skin grafting

Answer 16

pulling skin together with fine stitching

patches of skin from one part of the body to another and dermabrading

cosmetic defects can bee fixed completely or partially thru cosmetic surgery

Question 17

burns

Answer 17

exposure to excessive heat (open flame, hot oil, steam, hot water) chemicals, electricity

severity = amount of skin loss and depth of burn

Question 18

1st 2nd and 3rd degree burns

Answer 18

1st degree - superficial, red/inflamed skin.. subsides in a few days and peeling can occur

2nd degree - blistering and destruction of superficial layers of skin… susceptible to infection

3rd degree - severe damage to thickness of the skin and tissues underneath.. damages can extend to bone

Question 19

life threatening effects of a burn

Answer 19

loss of water/plasma which can lead to shock (collapse of the circulatory system - pallor, sweating, weak pulse and low blood pressure)

bacterial infection

reduced circulation of blood

decrease in urine production

Question 20

treatments for burns

Answer 20

replacing lost fluids

cleaning wound to remove all dead tissue / prevent infection

applying skin grafts

Question 21

skin complications from trauma

Answer 21

bedsores - typical in bedridden patients

decubitus ulcer (constant pressure on area for a long time)

prolonged deficiency of blood flow to area that can lead to death of tissue and leaving an ulcerated area

special mattresses, padding, dressing used to prevent and treat

Question 22

Over 600 muscles in the body comprising of three groups

Answer 22

skeletal muscles - move bones in the body (voluntary muscles, stimulated by nerves)

smooth muscles (found in blood vessels and organs, not under voluntary control)

cardiac muscles (heart, involuntary muscle with 1 nucleus)

Question 23

skeletal muscles

Answer 23

composed of cells and muscle fibres

fascia (connective tissue) - supports and seperates muscles

tendons - attached to bones / connect muscle to bone

ligaments. -attach bones to bones

fascia and muscles taper into tendons

Question 24

two main groups of skeletal muscles

Answer 24

flexor - flexing or bending of a part of the body (biceps)

extensor - extending or straightening of a part of the body (triceps - straighten the arm)

Question 25

muscles in the arm versus the hand

Answer 25

19 muscles attached to the radius and ulna that move the wrist and fingers 35 muscles control the hand, 15 located in the forearm

Question 26

gastrocnemius muscle

Answer 26

calf powers and controls poiting the foot downwards (plantarflexion) connected to achilles tendon (prominent ridge at back of foot)

Question 27

dorsiflexion versus plantarflexion

Answer 27

dorsiflexion - bend plantarflexion - straightened, downward movement

Question 28

sternocleidomastoid

Answer 28

muscle in the neck, referred to as the sternomastoid attached to clavicle (moves head) - collarbone trapezius (traps) involved in raising shoulders

Question 29

common muscle injuries

Answer 29

laceration of muscles bleeding into the muscle sprains strains

Question 30

laceration of muscles

Answer 30

deep cuts or tears in the muscles severe lacerations = nerves can be cut = loss of sensation w/ damaged nerve treatment from open wounds from laceration = removal of foreign objects/tissue that cant be saved + closure of the skin

Question 31

bleeding into the muscle

Answer 31

scarring from hemtoma can turn into an ectopic bone (bone tissue forming where it shouldnt) pain and tenderness can be debilitating requires surgical treatment

Question 32

sprains

Answer 32

stress or force resulting in a tear of a ligament (also called torn ligament) mild moderate or severe twisting action can cause greater damage inappropriate or lack of treatment can cause a permanent disability sprain fracture - part of bone torn w/ ligament

Question 33

sprain symptoms

Answer 33

severe localized pain severe swelling inflammation small blood vessels damaged escaping blood accumulates under the skin and increases swelling weight bearing will be difficult if knee or ankle are involved ligaments, tendons, capsule, cartilage and bones can be damaged in severe sprains

Question 34

sprain treatment

Answer 34

surgery may be necessary to restore structure strength returns over time and proper activity program possible to experience a partial permanent disability

Question 35

strain

Answer 35

overstretching and possible tears of muscle or tendon fibres can be mild moderate or severe

Question 36

strain symptoms

Answer 36

minor pain accompanies simple strains spasms, atrophy (waste away) and deformity palpation = painful and limits movement tenderness or pain is muscles = myalgia

Question 37

strain treatment

Answer 37

depends on extent of the strain prevent buildup of scar tissue at the site of injury / increase blood flow to injured part anti-inflammatory drugs, stretching, physiotherapy, emg tests

Question 38

cervical and lumbar strains

Answer 38

flexion extension to cervical (neck) area and lumbar (lower back) / also called whiplash

Question 39

cervical and lumbar strain treatment

Answer 39

analgesics and muscle relaxants rest chiropractic adjustments certain cases - symptoms can continue over long periods of time / can be due to complications or psychomatic in nature

Question 40

fibromyalgia

Answer 40

persistant disabling pain in the muscles 3-6 months over normal recovery period for Soft tissue injury also called chronic pain syndrome different from acute pain - pain that lasts a relatively short time

Question 41

fibromyalgia treatment

Answer 41

main management programs analgesics / muscle relaxants / anti-depressants psychological evaluations imp to confirm no other pre-existing injuries