Study Flashcards by Tiana McCall

what are Psychoactive drugs?

chemicals that change conscious awareness or

perception.

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what is a depressant?

a drug that slows down the nervous system.

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what is a stimulant?

a drug that speeds up the nervous system.

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what are opiates?

a drug that relieves pain.

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What is a drug addiction?

it results from repeated drug use.

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what is a tolerance to drugs?

more drug is required; body has decrease response to drug with continued use

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what causes withdrawal symptoms?

drug abstinence .

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Drug dependence can be ….?

physical and Psychological.

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what is a physical drug dependence?

withdrawal reactions are noted when drug

use is terminated.

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what is a Psychological drug dependence?

it is associated with a mental craving for

the drug.

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Example of a Depressant?

alcohol.

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Example of a stimulant?

caffeine, amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine

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Example of Opiates?

heroin, morphine.

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Example of Hallucinogens?

LSD, mescaline, marijuana.

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what is Consciousness?

it refers to an organism’s awareness of itself and its surroundings.

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what is the levels of awareness?

top, middle, lowest.

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what is a Controlled processes?

it requires attention (and interfere with other functions).

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what is a Automatic processes?

it requires minimal attention (such as riding your bike).

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what is the lowest level of awareness?

Minimal or no awareness of the environment.

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One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleepwaking

cycle).

Circadian rhythms

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Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm.

Circadian rhythms

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Some circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an internal (biological) clock.

Circadian rhythms

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Pineal gland (melatonin), hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

Circadian rhythms

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Sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue.

Repair/Restoration

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Sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators.

Evolutionary/Circadian

what can Electrophysiological instruments be used for?

to assess the physiological changes that occur during an episode of sleep.

“pre-sleep” stage marked by visual, auditory and kinesthetic sensations.

Hypnagogic state

Stage 1 of Non Rem Sleep

heart slows, blood pressure decreases.

Stage 2 of Non Rem Sleep

sleep spindles (rapid, high amplitude waves)

Stage 3 of Non Rem Sleep

delta waves (slow, high amplitude waves)

Stage 4 of Non Rem Sleep

delta waves-sleep walking.

What is Rem Sleep?

rapid eyes movements, high frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles and dreaming.

Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.

Psychoanalytic.

Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep.

Biological.

Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day.

Cognitive.

What are the three theories of dreaming?

Psychoanalytic, Biological, Cognitive.

What is Dysomnia?

problems in the amount, quality, timing of sleep.

What is Insomnia?

refers to a difficulty in getting to sleep or remaining asleep and has many causes.

Related to anxiety is called...?

Situational.

Use of sleeping pills or other drugs can result in insomnia is called..?

Drug-induced.

person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing...

Sleep apnea.

Sleep appears at odd times..

Narcolepsy.

Parasomnias...

abnormal disturbances occurring during sleep

Anxiety-arousing dreams generally occurring during REM sleep...

Nightmares.

refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness..

Meditation.

what is Behaviorism?

A Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior.

refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from practice or experience.

Learning.

What is Classical conditioning ?

type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the | capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Unconditioned bonds..

UCS & UCR

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous learning,conditioning, or association.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous learning or conditioning.

Unconditioned response (UCR).

is a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response through conditioning, learning or association.

Conditioned stimulus (CS).

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that | occurs because of previous conditioning.

Conditioned response (CR).

learned response not only to the original stimulus but also to other similar stimuli.

Stimulus Generalization.

refers to loss of response to a CS presented without the UCS.

Extinction.

Reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

Spontaneous recovery.

A neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS).

Higher-Order Conditioning.

Reinforcement...

is any procedure that INCREASES the response.

Punishment...

is any procedure that DECREASES the response.

Types of reinforcers

Primary and Secondary

reinforcement occurs after every response.

Continuous.

reinforcement occurs after some, but not all, responses

Partial.

Shaping

Reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response.