STUDY FOR FINALS

Question 1

Tim Gill main perspective

Answer 1

Anthropogenic perspective

Question 2

Anthropogenic perspective on fires

Answer 2

only homo sapiens out of all homo erectus interacted heavily with fire and maintained it

Question 3

proof of early homo sapiens maintaining fire

Answer 3

tools made with the use of fire (fire made tools)

Question 4

what is cooking hypothesis

Answer 4

fire was an important part of hominid evolution bc it gave greater access to nutritional resources

Question 5

Nicholas Laluk emphasized what three values

Answer 5

reationality, respect, care

Question 6

What was the main impact of fire suppression and colonial interference

Answer 6

more thickets, less indigenous stewardship so the crops for foraging declined

Question 7

Laluk main takeaway

Answer 7

indigenous people and knowledge doesn’t need scientific backing to validate it, generational balance can come from fire stewardship

Question 8

The controversy Kent Lightfoot addresses

Answer 8

how can you tell if a fire is anthropogenic or it is naturally ignited

Question 9

types of scientific methods that add to the amah mutsun research and knowledge

Answer 9

paleoethnobotany, charcoal and pollen records, animal remains

Question 10

phytoliths

Answer 10

silica parts in grasses that last after plants get burned and stay in the soil

Question 11

how are landscapes perceived by the amah mutsun

Answer 11

each part of the land is a marker or a place of remembrance for what has occurred there or the stewardship that occurred there

Question 12

how did amah mutsun establish connections

Answer 12

amah mutsun land trust and preserving land for the tribes and plant propagation

Question 13

how do fires impact the watershed

Answer 13

by managing fire, the watershed is more consistent and the landscape is open so more water can accumulate,

Question 14

Ryan Reed’s perspective on land management

Answer 14

Fix-the-world ideaology, where there is no separation between fire as a tool and religion and identity

Question 15

Results of loss of TEK

Answer 15

culture, history , matriarchal motherhood values, use of fire, spirituality and essence in the world all lost

Question 16

impacts of settler colonialism

Answer 16

eco cultural genocide, loss of connection to the land and resources, mass extinction, racism through policy

Question 17

BIPOC

Answer 17

black indigenous people of color communities

Question 18

What is the Northwest Forest Plan

Answer 18

1994- this was an effort to protect forest health and sustain old growth stands and biodiversity but had many failures

Question 19

how many ammendments were made to the northwest forest plan

Answer 19

113- Ryan Reed pushed to have more indigenous tribal access and rights to decision making aims for lands

Question 20

two methods for including indigenous knowledge in the northwest plan

Answer 20

document analysis (drafts and reports) and interviews of US and tribal reps

Question 21

Main takeaways from Ryan Reed

Answer 21

1) must consider how the public perceives fire currently when transforming policy
2) include indigenous leadership throughout the policy making
3) younger generations should be valued, and how they are governed

Question 22

What tribe is Ryan Reed from

Answer 22

Yurok tribe

Question 23

Don Hankins main focus

Answer 23

burning lands you wouldn’t expect

Question 24

Don Hankins method of burning

Answer 24

using fire mosaics to prevent wildfires and prevent fuel accumulation (must know how and when to burn exactly)

Question 25

How were forests perceived in the 1800s?

Answer 25

These were estates that are owned by rich landowners, military like wealthy families

Question 26

Lookouts purpose

Answer 26

used to spot fires far away, this induced the idea that all fires needed to be suppressed

Question 27

Karns mentions which plant that requires burning

Answer 27

Teak trees/ forests need fire to burn the seed capsules that allow it to regenerate

Question 28

First fire forest service chief

Answer 28

Gifford Pinchot, early firebreak system, lookout towers, didn't follow the letter and reduced fires to fire-adapted communities

Question 29

Jim Agee

Answer 29

studied fire's role in vegetation and landscapes, was part of the national parks service, surprised people with the ability to control fires in areas where it was unheard of

Question 30

leopald report

Answer 30

1963, led to the changes in legislation that allowed prescribed burns to be applied to national parks, and to use lightning to control fires, was originally about just wildlife and wildfire, national parks are monuments!

Question 31

leopald report propositions/aims

Answer 31

two ways to reduce density: mechanical removal or fire reintroduction, wanted more people in natural parks to build leverage for political funding

Question 32

Why is Australia better

Answer 32

almost 90% of land is able to be prescribed for burns, larger plots, almost too much burning

Question 33

Biswell

Answer 33

newest and most radical ideas, had to work outside of state/governmt stuff so he worked with private programs, did not value or work with indigenous peoples

Question 34

Changes to the Pine Forest

Answer 34

every 10 years the forest is altered, crown fires but not enough to create growing space, the shade tolerant species are thriving/ taking over

Question 35

Ball Dome Fire

Answer 35

in Sequoia kings canyon, large large fire, bruce kilgore studied this

Question 36

Yellowstone Fire effects

Answer 36

large lodgepole pine forests burned, stopped prescribed burning programs

Question 37

American Indian Movement

Answer 37

1968- involved in the Alcatraz protest, asked for lands back and sovereignty, came fro minnesota police violence issues, Treaty of Fort Laramie

Question 38

Fire exclusion vs fire suppression example

Answer 38

fire exclusion is spanish colonization fire suppresion is american period

Question 39

how were tribes in CA restored

Answer 39

1) Federal Acts 2) Tilly Hardwood case (recognized 17 tribes) 3) Court Cases

Question 40

How did settler colonialism impact indigen tribes

Answer 40

1) native languages lost (80-100 are endangered) 2) native ceremonies lost 3) native POW WOW ( a gathering of native communities to celebrate traditions and acitivities)

Question 41

Fowler reading

Answer 41

Timbisha Shoshone tribe from the death valley, got federal recognition to manage two plants (honey mesquite and single leaf pinyon used fire to clear underbush and smaller trees and foster seedling growth

Question 42

Don Hankins introduced what word

Answer 42

elete: to read using your sense, and this backs indigenous stewardship practices

Question 43

Yurok and Karuk Tribes

Answer 43

Worked with US forest service, has rights to lands and salmon fishing, the prescribed burning has much more federal backing from agencies and includes knowledge passed down from generations, works with CAL FIRE Klamath River area

Question 44

North Folk Mono Tribes

Answer 44

not federally recognized, Ron Goode tried to make a sacred connection to the land more of an emphasis, worked on pests, deergrass (for basketry) mariposa, whisle plant, and meadows (for hunting), mixed ashes into the land oak woodlands and meadows

Question 45

Amah Mutsun tribe

Answer 45

non profit orgs, supports the unrecognized tribes, works with the state parks, black lives matter, and ranches, works on hazel plants and native plant propagation oak woodlands, UC Santa Cruz

Question 46

MOU and purpose

Answer 46

memorandum of understanding, like a written but less formal acknowledgment of two parties aims (such as to burn lands)

Question 47

Coast Miwok

Answer 47

Tolay Lake regional park, acorn growth, clovers, cultural burning reintroduced in 2023, less fire use only more recently

Question 48

globally _ million km2 per year of land burned in fires with over 80% from tropical deforestation

Answer 48

3 to 4

Question 49

Human activities have increased CO2 to the highest in _ million years

Answer 49

2

Question 50

ways to reduce wildfires in low frequency ecosystems

Answer 50

reduce ignitions and remove invasive species

Question 51

Ways to reduce carbon emissions

Answer 51

limit motor vehicles, animal consumption, US Policy, increase renewable energy, prescribed burning to reduce fuel buildup, preventing deforestation,

Question 52

why are national parks more affected?

Answer 52

60% of national parks are in higher altitudes and elevation which makes the changes in temp more severe (extreme dryness)