Study Group - Ethics Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
What are the 8 areas of responsibility for HES?
A
- Assessment & capacity
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation & research
- Advocacy
- Communication
- Leadership & managment
- Ethics & professionalism
2
Q
What are ethics?
A
Principles or rules that provide guidance for behaviors that may be classified as right or wrong
3
Q
What code of ethics do HES follow?
A
Unified Code of Ethics approved by CNHEO
4
Q
What does HES code of ethics tell others?
A
Tells the public what they should expect from the practitioner/HES
5
Q
What does CNHEO stand for?
A
Coalition of National Health Education Organizations
6
Q
What are ethical dilemmas?
A
Issues with 2 sides that involve a judgement of right or wrong
7
Q
What responsibilities are include in The Cod of Ethics HES must follow?
A
- Responsibility to the public
- Responsibility to the profession
- Responsibility to Employers
- Responsibility in delivery of health education/promotion
- Responsibility in research & evaluation
- Responsibility in professional preparation & continuing education
8
Q
Ethical frameworks that are applied in planning programs
A
- Autonomy
- Criticality
- Egalitarian
- Needs based
- Resource sensitivity
- Utilitarian
9
Q
Ethical principles in program planning/implementation
A
- Using most recent data and/or theories
- Using best evidence-based practices
10
Q
Ethical principles in program Evaluation/Research
A
- IRB consultation to review research
11
Q
What are the participant responsibilities of HES?
A
- Respect for autonomy
- Promotion of social justice
- Active promotion for good & avoidance of harm
12
Q
What is IRB responsible for?
A
- Upholding integrity & ethics of the profession
- Approve, monitor, & review research/evaluation involving humans
- Performs oversight functions that are scientific, ethical, & regulatory
13
Q
What does IRB support?
A
Worth, dignity, potential, & uniqueness of all people
14
Q
What is IRB also known as?
A
Independent ethics committee
15
Q
What does the Belmont Report summarize?
A
Ethical principles & guidelines for protection of human subjects
16
Q
What are the 3 basic ethical principles in the Belmont Report?
A
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
17
Q
HES responsibility in research & evaluation
A
- Ensure participation is voluntary utilizing informed consent
- Follow IRB protocols
- Respect privacy, rights, & dignity of participants
- All information is confidential
- Take credit for only work they have done
- Report results of research/evaluation objectively, accurately, & in timely manner
- Promote & disseminate results via appropriate formats
- Foster translation of research into practice
18
Q
What is informed consent?
A
- Allows participants to choose what will/won’t happen to them
- Indicates their choice of participation
19
Q
What is included on informed consent form?
A
- Nature & purpose of program
- Any risks/dangers due to program
- Any possible discomfort they may experience due to program
- Expected benefits of program
- Alternative programs/procedures with same results
- Option of discontinuing participation at any time
20
Q
What does HIPPA stand for?
A
Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act
21
Q
What is offered under HIPPA law?
A
Rules/regulations on data privacy, integrity, & availability
22
Q
Why is there a HIPPA section on informed consent forms?
A
- Allows HES/researchers to use participant data
- Provides what types of personal identifiers or PHI is collected, how it is protected, & who has access
23
Q
What does PHI stand for?
A
Personal health information
24
Q
What are some types of research misconduct?
A
- Plagiarism - using other people’s work without giving them credit
- Fabrication - making up results & reporting them
- Falsification - Changing/omitting data or manipulating results
25
What are things that must be considered & outlined during research/program planning stage to avoid ethical violations?
- Data analysis/level of significance
- Authorship
- How to present findings
26
What is salami publishing?
- Publishing data incrementally using the least amount of data to generate peer-reviewed publication
- Can fragment literature & compromise legitimacy of significance
27
What are some ethical guidelines to consider when working with organizations?
1. Do no harm
2. Follow HIPPA guidelines
3. Avoid conflicts of interest
4. Do not act in official capacity as an advocate
5. Do not go beyond own expertise/qualifications
6. Respect others
7. Ensure informed consent is followed
8. Maintain competence in field of practice
9. Represent accurate potential services & outcomes
28
What does CNHEO state are responsibilities of HES?
- Promote, maintain, & improve individual, family, & community health
- Support actions & social policies that support/facilitate best balance of benefits over harm
29
Who can advocate and/or participate in lobbying efforts?
- HES can participate in certain advocacy efforts while on "company time"
- Many organizations will not allow lobbying
- Private citizens can participate at any level of advocacy or lobbying
30
How to Reduce Risk of Legal Liability
1. Ensure informed consent is followed
2. Maintain privacy of participants' PHI
3. Choose certified instructors to teach classes
4. Provide written guidelines for emergency medical procedures for participants
5. Have participants be cleared by doctor prior to modifying diet or doing strenuous exercise
6. Make sure buildings/facilities are complying with building codes & are regularly maintained
31
What is negligence?
Failure to act in careful or reasonable manner
32
How does negligence occur?
Omission - not doing something that should have been done
Commission - doing something that should not have been done
33
Can gov't employees advocate? Why or why not?
No - it may appear federal or state agencies have biases
34
Can HES/researchers advocate? Why or why not?
Yes & no - can provide education/data on topic of interest & information to local community for their advocacy efforts
35
Can nonprofit employees advocate? Why or why not?
Yes but must follow agency rules/regulations that comply with IRS
36
How does Healthy People 2030 define health equity?
Achievement of highest level of health for everyone
37
What are health inequities?
Differences in health due to social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantages or injustices
38
What are barriers to health equity?
SDOH
39
What can barriers to health equity lead to?
health disparities
40
How can HES address health inequities?
1. Collect data
2. Advocacy
3. Health in all policies
4. Comprehensive approach
5. Addressing root causes of health disparities
6. Specific initiatives
41
MAPP Stages
1. Organizing for success & partnership development
2. Gather collective vision of what community should be
3. Conduct assessment
4. Identify strategic issues to understand what community must address
5. Formulate goals & strategies (community health improvement plan)
6. Continue planning, implementing & evaluating community plan
42
What are the assessments that are conducted in MAPP?
1. Community themes & strengths
2. Local Public Health System
3. Community health status
4. Forces of change
43
What information does community strengths assessment provide HES?
Qualitative data on how communities perceive their health & QOL
44
What information does local public health system assessment provide HES?
measurement of how well partners collectively offer health services through analysis of national public health performance standards
45
What does community health status assessment provide HES?
Analyses of population health indicators
46
What does forces of change assessment provide HES?
Positive/negative eternal forces that impact health promotion
47
What is the Social Cognitive Theory?
Learning is interactive b/w person & environment, cognitive processes, & behavior
48
What are the constructs for the social cognitive theory?
1. Behavioral capacity (knowledge & skills)
2. Outcome expectations
3. Expectancies
4. Reciprocal determinism
5. Self-efficacy
49
What is community organizing?
Process community groups:
- Identify problems or goals for change
- Find internal & external resources
- Deliver strategies to reach goals
50
What is PSE?
Policy, systems, & environmental changes
51
What type of change occurs at PSE levels?
Long-term, sustained behavior change (compared to individual level change)
52
Where can evidence be found for recommended policies and/or interventions?
Cochrane reviews
53
What do Cochrane reviews determine?
Whether there is conclusive evidence or not for recommended policy/intervention to improve health of communities
54
How can legislators, policy makers, community leaders, & community members use policy recommendations?
1. Identify what laws/policies promote public health & at what cost
2. Draft evidence-based policies & legislation
3. Justify funding decisions & proposals
4. Support policies & legislation that promote health of their communities & change policies/legislation that does not
55
What is cultural competence?
Ability of person to understand & respect cultural values, attitudes, & beliefs of various people
56
What is cultural humility?
Ongoing process of self-exploration for HES where they honor the beliefs, customs, culture, & values of communities they work with
57
What is included in cultural competence?
- Identifying cultural factors that contribute to overall health
- Communication in culturally competent manner
- Willingness to collaborate to overcome linguistic & literacy challenges
58
What doe there need to be among HES & communities they serve when it comes to cultural competence?
- Recognition of balance of differences
- Importance of partnership & engagement of community
- Holding agencies accountable of cultural competence practices
59
What does CLAS stand for?
Culturally & Linguistically Appropriate Services
60
What are is CLAS?
Methods to improve quality of services provided to all individuals
61
What are the CLAS topics?
1. Principle standard
2. Governance & leadership
3. Engagement, continuous improvement, & accountability
4. Individual & behavioral factors
5. Societal
6. Communication & language assistance
7. Environmental
8. Medical care
62
What do CLAS HES do to ensure success in reducing morbidity & mortality within a community?
- Value diversity
- Develop capacity for self assessment
- Raise awareness of dynamics when cultures interact
- Use organizational processes to institutionalize cultural knowledge
- Strive to develop individual & organizational adaptations to diversity
63
What should HES consider to ensure cultural competency when developing/designing health education materials?
Cultural attitudes, practices, & experiences
64
What are the overlapping categories/factors that are root causes for racial & ethnic disparities or inequities?
1. Individual & behavioral
2. Societal
3. Environmental
4. Medical care
65
What are the dimensions for understanding & adapting planning for a new culture?
Language, persons, metaphors, content, concepts, goals, methods, & context that focus on the deeper root causes of health issue/problem
66
What can HES do to improve likelihood of understanding & retention of health information to improve credibility?
- Use words & examples in priority audience's primary language
- Use techniques for low literacy audience
- Assess needs for bilingual staff
- Adopting/adapting materials for specific populations
- Consider population's learning preferences
- Provide translators
- Evaluate use of health workers & advisors from communities served
67
What should be considered when delivering interventions to ensure cultural competency?
Literacy level, preferred language, & media sources
68
What roles may HES be asked to take on?
- Authoritative resources as subject matter experts
- Technical assistance providers
- Consultants
- Informal resource
- Leadership teams for collaborations & coalitions
- Facilitator for planning, implementing, & evaluating programs
- Resource in preparing policy briefs for decision makers
- Develop talking points for administrators/public information officers
- Serving on continuing education committees for conferences and/or training events
69
HES may serve as liaisons, building relationships b/w groups & organizations. What are some skills that are needed to be successful?
- Facilitation
- Presentation
- Data collection
- Meeting management
- Resource material evaluation
- Networking
- Report writing
70
As HES, how can being a part of professional organizations & coalitions (and networking) offer chance to group within our field?
- Increase relational skills through interaction with professionals who share experiences & perspectives
- Offer opportunities to gain & practice leadership skills
- Promote advancement in public health practice
- Enables HES to stay current on evidence within our field of experts
71
What national organizations may be of particular interest to HES?
SOPHE, AEA, APHA
72
How can HES participate within professional organizations?
1. Attend & plan professional meetings
2. Present at professional meetings
3. Take courses or skills-based workshops
4. Read and/or review peer-reviewed professional journals
5. Get published
6. Provide resources, networking, job announcements, award recognition, & engagement in policy and advocacy
7. Connect people through service learning activities
73
How can participating in coalitions & professional networks benefit HES?
- Professional growth
- Create common ground & identify interdisciplinary and/or multi-sector partners
- Facilitate ownership & trust among collaborators and organizations
- Enhance learning by bringing together stakeholders with varied experiences
- Builds capacity & competence to address community problems/issues
- Advances public health practice initiatives via partnerships who have shared knowledge/experience
74
What is a career advancement plan?
Aids in HES ability to set specific short-term, mid-term, & long term goals for one's career overtime
75
How is career advancement plan structured?
Uses competencies & strategic skills
76
What does career advancement plan focus on?
Technical & adaptive leadership
77
Technical leadership vs Adaptive leadership
Technical leadership - focuses on known problems with known solutions
Adaptive leadership - addresses complex challenges with no known "right"
78
What are career advancement plans also known as?
Professional Development Plan (PDPs)
79
What are PDPs used for?
- Documenting health educators' goals & objectives to support career development
- States required knowledge & skills needed to achieve career goals
- Delineates justification why training is needed, what steps to take, possible resources, support, & target date(s)
80
What can HES refer to to determine spectrum of training needs?
Bloom's Taxonomy
81
What are WDPs?
Improve quality in professional development within team/organization via accreditation & strategic planning priorities
* WDPs can be used to guide individual PDPs
82
What does WDP stand for?
Workforce Development Plan
83
What is braided funding?
Combining funding from multiple sources to support one initiative
84
What is blended funding?
Pools funds to collectively meet needs to support specific components of initiative
85
Why is blended funding important for improving a population's health?
Brings together different public health disciplines & multiple professions working together for common goal
86
What is IPP?
Teams from different disciplines working together on health promotion, population health, & quality improvement to provide highest quality of care of preventative services
87
What does IPP stand for?
Inter-professional Practice
88
What resource can aid in IPP? What does it provide?
The Practical Playbook 1 & 2 provides tools, case examples, & resources to better collaborate to advance population health
89
What is PH 3.0?
Model to advance public health field & strengthen PH infrastructure through community health strategists
90
What does PH 3.0 focus on?
Cross-sector collaboration to address social, environmental, & economic conditions that impact health & health equity
91
How is PH 3.0 used?
Supports recommendations for accreditation, quality improvement, documentation of success with data & metrics, and enhanced sustainable funding models
92
What does PHRASES stand for?
Public Health Reaching Across Sectors
93
What is PHRASES?
Workforce development initiative to help PH leaders communicate value of public health to partners & decision makers to other sectors
* Aids HES map gaps of communication, jargon, values, & understanding between sectors
94
What does PHRASES provide?
- Resource library for framing communication, evidence behind cross-sector collaboration & samples of MOU and shared decision making
- Combination of public health evidence & communication framing research and testing to help more effectively communicate value of public health
95
What is the purpose of professional associations?
- Conducting continuing education programs
- Disseminating research findings
- Legislative advocacy
- Establishing ethics & standards for the profession
96
What is the mission of CNHEO?
Mobilization of resources of health education profession to expand & improve health education, regardless of setting
97
What does CNHEO do?
1. Facilitates national level communication, collaboration, & coordination among member organizations
2. Provides forum for identification & discussion of health education issues
3. Formulates recommendations & take appropriate action on issues that affect member interests
4. Serves as communication & advisory resource for agencies, organizations, & persons in public and private sectors on health education issues
5. Serves as focus of exploration & resolution of issues important for HES
98
CNHEO Organization Members
1. ACHA
2. APHA
3. PHEHP
4. ASHA
5. ESG
6. IUHPE
7. NCHEC
8. SOPHE
9. SSLHPE
99
What are ways HES can advocate for professional development?
- Demonstrate personal participation in activities & organizations
- Express personal value, priority, benefits, & skills gained
- Gauge readiness to engage in local, regional, or national opportunities
- Share training & professional development opportunities
- Support colleagues via sponsorship, award nominations, & encouragement
- Suggest submission of abstracts for presentations at specific conferences
- Request financial support to attend conferences
- Promote conference attendance
100
How can HES advocate for health education?
- Attend conferences
- Educate others about the profession
- Mentor young professionals
- Advocate for policies to advance profession
101
How does advocating for health education help?
- Distinguishes profession from others
- Secures potential jobs
- Helps improve collaboration b/w HES & other allied and public health professionals
102
History of Health Education
- Dates back to 19th century
- 1940s: quality assurance & development of standards
- 1970s: evolved from socioecological perspective
- 1978: Formed National Task Force on the Preparation & Practice of Health educators (NTFPPHE)
- 1985: Framework for development of competency-based curriculum for entry-level HES
- 1989: First opportunity to become certified HES
- 2000: adoption of Code of Ethics for health education
- 2005: CUP study - roles for entry & advanced HES defined
- 2007: Results of CUP study
- 2008: CHES certification gained accreditation from NCCA
- 2010: HEJA confirmed hierarchical model set by CUP study
- 2011: first MCHES awarded to advanced HES
- 2013: CHES re-certification & MCHES certification accredited by NCCA
- 2015: NCHEC accredited by IAS to ISO standard
- 2015: HESPA I provided changes in health education practice & informed certification, professional prep, & continuing education initiatives
- 2020: HESPA II released to contain 8 areas of responsibility
- 2020: Revised Code of Ethics
103
What does credentialing refer to?
Processes to ensure those giving service has obtained minimum level of competency (skills, ability, knowledge)
104
What are the components of CHES credential?
1. Academic prep in health education
2. Successful passing written exam
3. Continued professional development with minimum of 75 continuing education contact hours over 5-year period
105
What are components of MCHES accreditation?
Experience within field (in addition to CHES components)
106
Task forces to Ensure Coordination of Quality Assurance
NTFPPHE
CEPH - Accredits schools of public health
CAEP - Accredits teacher prep programs
SOPHE - SPA health education
107
What does CEPH stand for?
Council of Education of Public Health
108
What does CAEP stand for?
Council for Accreditation of Educator Preparation
109
What does SOPHE stand for?
Society for Public Health Education
110
What does ACHA stand for?
American College Health Association
111
What does APHA stand for?
American Public Health Association
112
What does PHEHP stand for?
Public Health Education & Health Promotion
113
What does ASHA stand for?
American School Health Association
114
What does ESG stand for?
Eta Stigma Gamma
115
What does IUHPE stand for?
International Union for Health Promotion & Education
116
What does NCHEC stand for?
National Commission for Health Education Credentialing
117
What does SSLHPE stand for?
Society of State Leaders of Health & Physical Education
118
What does PHF stand for?
Public Health Foundation
119
What does PHAB stand for?
Public Health Accreditation Board
120
What does ASTHO stand for?
Association of State & Territorial Health Officials
121
What does the CUP study stand for?
National Health Educator Competencies Update Project
122
What does IAS stand for?
International Accreditation Service
123
What does SPA stand for?
Specialized Professional Association
124
What does HESPA stand for?
Health Education Specialist Practice Analysis
125
CDC Health Equity Checklist
1. Identify - identify protective factors & health equities in community through community assessment, secondary data, & surveys
2. Engage - Include/engage representatives of population affected by health issue AND partnerships
3. Analyze - Select/design & implement interventions or strategies where inequities are addressed
4. Review - Monitor/Evaluate to ensure success of reducing health inequities AND assess differences in outcomes among different populations
126
Core Functions of Public Health
Assessment:
1. Assess & monitor population health
2. Investigate, diagnosis, & address health hazards & root causes
Policy Development:
3. Communicate effectively to inform & educate
4. Strengthen, support, & mobilize communities & partnerships
5. Create, champion, & implement policies, plans, and laws
6. Utilize legal & regulatory actions
Assurance:
7. Enable equitable access
8. Build diverse & skilled workforce
9. Improve & innovate through evaluation, research, & quality improvement
10. Build & maintain strong organizational infrastructure for public health
127
What are the domains of cultural competence?
- Acceptance & respect of role that values and beliefs play in health & illness
- Sensitivity toward cultural language
- Consumer participation in decision making
- Cultural appropriateness of environment, materials, & resources
- Staff hiring that reflects community's linguistic & cultural diversity
- Health professionals' self awareness of their own beliefs, values, & knowledge about diversity
- Staff cultural competence training & development
128
Categorical Grant
Funds given by federal gov't to state/local gov't for specific purposes
- Target specific public health services & population group
129
Block Grants
Federal funds marked for specific state or local programs
- Allocated to broad domains of activity that are largely determined by grant recipients
130
Entitlement Programs
Federal programs that provide benefits to eligible citizens & non-citizens
e.g. Medicaid, Medicare
131
Discretionary Programs
Annual, fixed appropriation of federal revenue that is subject to periodic updates, adjustments, & revisions
e.g. Head Start
132
Dimensions of Public Health Ethics
Virtue Ethics, Professional Ethics, Organizational Ethics, & Public Policy Ethics
133
What is Virtue Ethics?
- Ethics you personally live by
- Morals you carry to determine decision making
134
What is professional ethics?
Moral principles & standards of conduct that guide professional's behavior
* Established based on profession's code of ethics
135
What is organizational ethics?
Behaviors based on work/organization's mission & vision
136
What is public policy ethics?
Ethical principles that guide creation & implementation of public policies
137
What are allocative health policies?
Direct provision of income, services, or goods to distinct groups, individuals, or organizations to meet public objectives
138
What are the 2 types of allocative health policies
Distributive & Redistributive
139
What are distributive policies?
Those that target society as a whole
140
What are redistributive policies?
Money or power from one group & give it to another
141
What are pass through entities?
Allows initial recipient of funds from federal gov't to provide funds to sub-recipient (i.e. WIC)
142
What are regulatory health policies?
Policies that influence actions, behaviors, & decisions of others
143
What are the functional areas of population health?
1. Infectious disease control
2. Environmental safety
3. Injury prevention
4. Behavior health risk avoidance
5. Disaster response & recovery
6. Assurance of healthcare services
144
Public health surveillance
Continuous, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, & dissemination of health-related data for planning, implementation, & evaluation of public health practice
145
Sentinel Surveillance
Measure magnitude of public health problem in a larger population
146
Syndromic surveillance
Identifies early signs & symptoms of increased frequency of illness in a population
147
Passive surveillance
Reliance on health care providers' voluntary reporting of health-related events mandated by state law
148
Active Surveillance
Health officials routinely contact reporting sources to inquire about occurrences & review medical/lab reports to identify unreported occurrences
149
What are the different types of regulatory health policies?
1. Markey entry restrictions
2. Rate/Price setting controls
3. Quality control
4. Market-preserving
5. Social regulations
150
What are market entry restrictions?
1. Health professional licensing
2. Health organization accreditation
3. Pre-approval for new projects
151
What are rate/price setting controls?
Reimbursement rates on products/services
152
What is quality control?
Ensures adherence to acceptable levels of quality
153
What is market-serving?
Rules of conduct that permit markets to work well & fairly
i.e. Anti-trust laws
154
What are social regulations?
Achieve socially desirable outcomes & reduce undesirable outcomes
155
What is ACHA mission?
To advocate & offer leadership organization for college and university health
156
What is APHA mission?
- Strong advocate for health education, disease prevention, & health promotion
- Set, maintain, & exemplify highest ethical principles & standards of practice for those whose primary purpose is health education and disease prevention
157
PHEHP mission (section of APHA)
- Systems & support efforts to achieve health equity in all activities of association
- Strong advocate for health education & health promotion
- Set, maintain, & exemplify highest ethical principles & standards of practice whose primary purpose is health education, disease prevention, and/or health promotion
158
ASHA mission
Protect & promote health of children & youth by supporting coordinated school health programs as foundation for school success
159
ESG mission
Foster professional competence & dedication of members in health education profession
160
IUHPE mission
- Promote global health & wellbeing
- Contribute to achievement of equity in health between & within countries of the world
161
NCHEC mission
Enhance professional practice of health education by promoting & sustaining a credentialed body of health education specialists
162
SOPHE mission
- Provide leadership in facilitating & promoting initiatives to achieve national health & education goals/objectives
- Promotes effective school programs & practices that involve collaboration with parents/community groups to positively impact healthy & active lifestyles
163
SSLHPE mission
Utilize advocacy, partnerships, professional development, & resources to build capacity of school health leaders to implement effective health & physical education policies and practices that support success in school, work, & life
164
What does NCCA stands for?
National Commission for Certifying Agencies
165
What does NCCA require certification programs to conduct?
Periodic job analysis that verifies competencies
166
What should participants understand about assessment prior to?
Purpose, method, scoring, & conditions
167
What should the participants of assessment receive/have access to after assessment has been analyzed?
Results & access to the data
168
When considering methods to use during assessment, what does the HES need to ensure about the instrument?
- Reliability & validity
- Those administering assessment are trained in specific type of assessment being used
169
What principles does HES need to uphold when planning health program?
1. Non-maleficence
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
170
What is non-maleficence?
Do no harm
171
What is beneficence?
doing good for participants
172
What is justice when planning health programs?
Fairness & equal distribution
173
When implementing activities of health program, what does HES need to do to ensure safety of participants?
1. Is it safe, legal, & ethical?
2. Equipment & facilities must be examined
3. Participants should not have to participate in activity if they fear it may threaten their health
4. Have participants be cleared by doctor prior to participating in any way
174
What does HES need to do to successfully reach target population in changing health behavior according to SCT?
- Influence all 3 factors of reciprocal determinism
- Provide knowledge & skills to increase participant self efficacy
175
What are the 3 factors of reciprocal determinism?
1. Environment
2. Personal characteristics/cognitive factors
3. behavior
176
What intervention is needed for those in pre-contemplation stage of TMC?
Increase awareness
177
What intervention is needed for those in contemplation stage of TMC?
Encourage seeking out specific plans for change
178
What intervention is needed for those in preparation stage of TMC?
Setting goals & consider benefits of behavior change
179
What intervention is needed for those in action stage of TMC?
Give feedback & encouragement as they are implementing behavior change
180
What intervention is needed for those in maintenance stage of TMC?
- Aid in preventing relapse
- Give more support
- Ensure knowledge of where support is available (if needed)
181
What are the core beliefs that influence behavior change according to Health Behavior Model?
1. Individual must believe he/she they can be potentially affected by health problem
2. Must believe health problem is a significant threat
3. Must believe benefits of preventative behavior are greater than costs/risks
4. Must believe he/she is capable of changing behavior
5. Encouraged to change behavior
6. Must have self-efficacy to be able to perform behavior
182
What can HES do to increase likelihood of behavior change according to TPB?
Show participants they have control over health behavior & consequences
183
What can HES do to increase likelihood of adoption of new idea, behavior, or product according to DOI?
- Introduce population to innovation/raise awareness
- Provide population with where population can find out more (increase interest)
- Aid in their self-evaluation of benefits/consequences of innovation
- Provide opportunity for population to try it to increase likelihood of population continuing to use/act in new idea, behavior, or product
184
Who sponsors CLAS?
Minority Health division of USDHHS
185
Why were CLAS standards created?
1. Address health disparities across cultural, ethnic/racial, & socioeconomic categories
2. Makes healthcare & information more accessible to be more inclusive for all populations
186
What is a clearinghouse?
Institution charged with assembling & distributing information
187
Why are HES sometimes referred to as "human clearinghouse"?
HES collect information & make sure it is distributed to all pertinent members or staff
188
Process of Responding to Health Information
1. Assess needs of target community
2. Determine what sources will meet identified needs
3. Assess resources & materials for reliability, validity, & quantity
4. Organize presentation of health information so that it is in an easy-to-understand format
189
Informal Consultant
Helps professional partner by assembling information & analyzing data
190
Formal Consultant
Recommends solutions to health problem
* Involves written agreement b/w HES & client/organization
191
What elements should be considered when HES is prioritizing consultant requests?
- Area/Topic & services
- Scope
- Level of commitment required
- Can other consultants be available to provide requested services
192
How can HES ensure each department/organization is as efficient as possible when acting as a liaison?
Make sure each side is apprised of progress/action being taken & answer any questions that arise
193
What are some skills needed to be a liaison?
1. Facilitation
2. Presentation
3. Data collection
4. Meeting management
5. Resource evaluation
6. Networking
7. Report writing
194
What are the steps in continuous consultation evaluation?
1. Identify evaluation questions & criteria
2. Assessment of how well questions meet criteria
3. Timely distribution of findings
195
What are the components of consultation formative evaluation?
- # of length of contacts
- Progress made
- Level of client/organization satisfaction
196
What should HES no do within a consultative relationship?
Officially serve as an advocate for the client
197
Why is peer review important?
- Ensures accountability of HES to maintain values of profession
- Advocating for mission of health education & promotion using evidence-based information/practices
198
What are the goals of credentialing & quality insurance?
1. Standardize professional practice
2. Include health education competencies in standardized assessments
3. Recruitment & retention
4. Participate in review boards
5. Develop & model standards for health education programs
6. Publicize code of ethics
199
What are the 4 elemental tasks when working with volunteers?
Recruit, train, supervise, & recognize
200
What should organizations do to enhance volunteers' work?
1. Team building activities
2. Evaluations/performance reviews
3. Career training
201
Goals for Professional Preparation
1. Recruit & train grassroots educators
2. Strengthen mentoring of young professionals
3. Identify strategies to draw students to profession
4. Standardize accreditation of programs
5. Provide certification & increase # of HES
6. Provide in-service training/continuing education for HES on emergency technology
7. Establish mentoring programs
8. Reinforce pride & commitment
9. Encourage active involvement in professional associations
10. Adapt curricula according to evolution of field
11. Standardize practice of profession
12. Educate about technology
