study guide 1 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
when valence e- come close enough to cause nonspecific interactions
A
Van Der Waals interacitons
2
Q
hydrophobic macromolecule than can fold flat or form kinks in structure
A
lipids ( saturated is flat, unsaturated in kinked)
3
Q
purpose is protection, long-term energy storage, phospho____ create cell membrane foundation
A
lipid purpose (phospholipids)
4
Q
Saturated is typically_______ at room temp
A
saturated, flat-formed lipids (from single bonds) allow them to stay closer together and be dense or solid
5
Q
unsaturated is typically ________ at room temp
A
liquid, the kinks in the structure (from double bonds) create more space between the fatty acid chains- less dense, or liquid
6
Q
phospholipids are _____ with a _____ head and ______ tail
A
amphipathic, polar, nonpolar
7
Q
polar molecules are hydro___
A
phillic
8
Q
nonpolar molecules are hydro______
A
phobic
9
Q
cholesterol is an example of this kind of lipid
A
steroid
10
Q
steroid structure
A
four distinct rings
11
Q
this kind of molecule moves smoothly through the cell membrane
A
small and nonpolar
12
Q
when cholesterol, a steroid, is bound to cell membrane the permeability
A
reduced
13
Q
hormone regulation, energy storage, insulating, protecting
A
lipid purposes in body
14
Q
a solution with a LOWER solute concentration than the comparative solution (think cell in water, the water would be what)
A
hypotonic
15
Q
a solution with a HIGHER solute concentration than the comparative solution (think cell in water, the cell would be what?)
A
hypertonic
16
Q
a protein than spans the membrane from inside to out
A
integral protein
17
Q
a protein that attaches only to a small portion of the membrane
A
peripheral protein
18
Q
formed from micelles when fatty acids are put into a solution
A
detergent (allows whatever is enclosed to slip past the membrane)
19
Q
used as “secret” transport through cell membrane, made from the membrane itself to get things across it
A
vesicle
20
Q
easy energy for cells, and cell-to-cell recognition
A
Carbohydrate purpose
21
Q
simple carbs are polar/nonpolar and small/large? this helps it do what when interacting with water?
A
small and polar, -> hydrophobic and dissolve well in water
22
Q
requires no energy or helpers to get molecule across membrane
A
passive transport
23
Q
requires protein/channel but no energy to get molecule across cell
A
facilitated diffusion
24
Q
requires a gate or pump, and energy of some sort to push molecule across membrane
A
active transport
25
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
triacylglycerol
26
single or double bonded carbons with H along strand and on end, and COOH group on other end
fatty acid structure
27
four rings
steroid
28
nonpolar tails with polar head and glycerol backbone
phospholipids
29
storage of excess energy in body (extra fatty acids)
triacylglycerol function
30
energy storage and large component of cell membranes
fatty acid function
31
alter membrane fluidity, and cell signaling
steroid function
32
acts solely as membrane in cells, create protection against outside world
phospholipid function
33
when an _________ fatty acid is present in phospholipids or triacylglycerol, the thing becomes liquid, or more fluid
unsaturated
34
single bonds, create solids at room temp
saturated fatty acid
35
double-bonded carbon, forms liquids at room temp
unsaturated fatty acid
36
the______ region of a phospholipid is polar
head
37
the ______ region of a phospholipid is nonpolar
tail
38
as the length of phospholipid tails gets longer the membrane permeability becomes (fluidity)
reduced (fluidity)
39
as temperature increases, membrane permeability (fluidity)
increases (fluidity)
40
nonpolar sidechains that allow it to be integrated (hint) into a membrane
properties of integral proteins
41
small nonpolar molecules can easily flow through cells, and water has aquaporins to allow into the cell, neither of which require ATP
why diffusion and osmosis are spontaneous
42
when a solute uses facilitated diffusion to carry it across membrane, and other solute flows in direction of electrochemical gradient in response to first solute
what is secondary active transport (counter-transport, solutes goes opposite directions, co-transport, solutes go same direction)
43
moves three sodium (Na) out of cell and two potassium (K) into cell when ATP is bound
what is the sodium/potassium pump
44
is used as short term energy storage and structure in cells
polysaccharide functions
45
quick energy storage in animals (humans)
glycogen function
46
energy storage in plants
starch function
47
structure for plants at the cellular level
cellulose function
48
structure for fungi and insects at the cellular level
chitin function
49
structure for bacteria at cellular level
peptidoglycan function
50
these polysaccharides have a 1-4 glycosidic linkage (hint-for energy, not structure)
glycogen, starch
51
these polysaccharides have a B 1-4 glycosidic linkage (hint- for structure, not energy)
cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan
52
bond of #1 Carbon and #4 Carbon are bound in a downward direction with an O in between
a 1-4 glycosidic linkage
53
bond of #1 Carbon and #4 Carbon are bound upward with an O in between
B 1-4 glycosidic linkage
54
highly branched linkage (hint-great for solubility)
a 1-4 glycosidic linkage structure description
55
very long and straight configuration of chains
B 1-4 glycosidic linkage structure description
56
a part carb/ part protein molecule that is typically used for viruses/ virus recognition ( found on surface of lipid bilayer) CELLULAR RECOG.
glycoprotein definition
57
stays on outer side of lipid bilayer(membrane) and acts as receptor
CELLULAR RECPET.
glycolipid definition
58
monosaccharide with double bonded c=o at the end of the carbon backbone
aldose sugar
59
monosaccharide with double bonded c=o in the middle of the carbon backbone
keytose sugar
60
terms for three, four, five, and six carbon sugars
triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose
61
describe triose, tetrose, pentose, and hexose sugar
monosaccharide(most basic)/tetrose can have ald. or keyt.,/ribose/glucose, galactose, lactose
62
what makes simple carbs so hydrophilic (and easy to dissolve in water)
the OH functional group
63
when a polysaccharide is created, the monosaccharides are being bonded by
dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
64
when a polysaccharide is broken up into smaller monosaccharide pieces it is done so by
hydrolysis
65
energy providing properties of carbohydrates are because of
their long chains, lots of bonds to be released, therefore providing energy
66
links monomers of nucleic acids (nucleotides)
phosphodiester bond
67
links monomers of carbohydrates (monosaccharide)
alpha/beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages
68
links monomers for lipids (fatty acids)
Ester linkages
69
nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, phosphate group (1,2, or.,3)
components of nucleotides
70
components on nucleotide backbone
ribose and phosphate (N bases linked to ribose not backbone)
71
nucleotide vs nucleoside
nucleoside is a nucleotide without the phosphate group
72
RNA has a 2'_______ and DNA has a ______ that replaces that in its nuicleotides
OH, H
73
C(cytosine) always pairs with____ and vice versa
G (guanine)
74
A pairs with_____ in DNA and _____ in RNA
T, U
75
T always binds with_____
A (T-A always, A-T only in DNA)
76
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine (CUT of Py)
pyrimidines-single rings
77
Adenine and Guanine
purines-double ring
78
DNA reads from ____' to ____', but copies antiparallel, so the complimentary strand would start with ____'
5', 3' and 3'
79
provides energy for nucleic acid synthesis
ATP
80
____(#) bonds stabilize A and T
2
81
____(#) bonds stabilize C and G
3
82
positively charged protein that allows DNA to coil around it for compact storage
histones
83
when histone tail is ______ this causes it to condense to keep in DNA info, but when it is de______ the DNA uncoils
acteylated
84
as tRNA delivers pieces (amino acids) the______ puts them together to create proteins
ribosome
85
because ribose sugar has an OH group at position 2 in the sugar, it is ______ than deoxyribose, which has a H at position 2
less stable
86
the _______ shape of DNA is caused by the H in the sugar/phosphate backbone ( the phosphate groups______ each other, while the H in the sugar attracts the_____)
double helix, repel, nitrogenous bases
87
the sugar groups are bonded through phosphodiester linkages, dehydration synthesis occurs, to the phosphate of another nucleotide
polymerization of a nucleotide
88
activation of nucleotide for use in polymer, how and why
addition of phosphate groups, needs more energy to offset decrease in entropy
89
primary, secondary, tertiary structure of RNA
nucleotide strand, hairpins(bonded base pairs), globular RNA structures
90
primary, secondary, tertiary structure of DNA
covalently bonded nucleotides(ACTG), double helix shape of bonded bases, 3d folded shape of multiple double helixes
91
DNA has all of its bases paired while RNA has exposed bases, causing ______
less stability
92
in a water molecules the _____ has a partial negative charge while the______ has a partial positive
oxygen, hydrogen
93
a very weak bond on its own, becomes very strong in numbers and always involves a H+ atom/ common atoms are:
Hydrogen bond, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen
94
typically seen in polar molecules, makes a substance interact with water/ dissolve in water
hydrophilic properties
95
typically seen in nonpolar molecules, substance does not interact with water well, lipids are most common of this of this property
hydrophobic properties
96
this amino acid has a(n) _______ group
amine group
97
a double bonded o=c with an R group on one side, other side could be
R or H/ R=?/H=?
carbonyl group (R=keytose/H=aldehyde)
98
(COOH) with R group attached
carboxyl group
99
OH group typically attached to an alcohol
hydroxyl group
100
P bonded to four oxygens, typically seen in nucleotides
phosphate group
101
sulfur atom with two lone pairs bonded to an H+
sulfhydryl group
102
three H+ bonded to a C
methyl group
103
pH of less than 7, are electrolytes, when dissolved in water, H+ concentration increases
acid description
104
pH higher than 7, decrease H+ concentration in water, typically hydroxide molecule
base description
105
how much does H+ (H3O+) concentration change from pH of 4 to 5
10 times
106
ability to use energy, ability to adapt, responding to stimulus, reproduction, and cellular organization
five characteristics of living things
107
all living things are made up of, and came from cells
cell theory
108
inheritance and genes create offspring similar or identical to parents, causes changes in population over time (very long time)
evolution theory
109
central dogma
DNA->RNA->protein
110
accepted explanation of a concept of the natural world than can(and probably has) been tested through expiramentation and observation
scientific theory
111
the beaker and broth experiment (air allowed into sterilized broth produced microorganisms) disproved______
spontaneous cell generation theory
112
four atoms used in 96% of life
CNOH
113
charge of e, p, and n?
-, +, and neutral
114
two subatomic particles that make up (most of) mass in an atom
protons and neutrons (in nucleus)
115
large number on top of atom's square in periodic table, tells amount of_______
atomic number, protons
116
small number on bottom of atom's square on periodic table, determines amount of ______ and _______
atomic mass, protons and neutrons
117
outermost shell of atom that is involved in bonding and creation of molecules
valence shell
118
ion that loses an e- in molecules
cation(+)
119
ion that gains as e- in molecules
anion(-)
120
(how many covalent bond each of these atoms make) H=, O=, N=, C=?
1, 2, 3, & 4
121
e- are EQUALLY SHARED between atoms
nonpolar covalent bond
122
e- are UNEQUALLY SHARED
polar covalent
123
the larger the difference in electronegativity between two atoms in a bond, the larger the ________
polarity
124
this atom is the "universal atom" being used in almost all life because of its ability to bond so readily with other elements
carbon
125
going left to right on periodic table, electronegativity
increases
126
going bottom to top on periodic table, electronegativity
increases
