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SOC 101 > Study Guide #1 > Flashcards

Study Guide #1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

sociological imagination

A

Way of looking at the world that links the apparently private troubles of the individual to important social issues

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2
Q

macrosociology

A

focuses on the broad features of society

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3
Q

microsociology

A

emphasizes social interaction, what people do when they come together

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4
Q

social integration

A

the degree to which people are tied to their social group

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5
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

People cooperate because they are alike

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6
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

People must cooperate because they are specialized and no longer self-sufficient

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7
Q

Anomie

A

An absence of shared norms and values, disconnectedness, people unsure of guiding rules

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8
Q

What did Émile Durkheim advocate?

A

Durkheim advocated the development of social institutions to promote solidarity and controls on inheritance to ensure that social inequalities mirror natural inequalities

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9
Q

Who came up with the two types of solidarity?

A

Émile Durkheim

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10
Q

What is Émile Durkheim book?

A

Employed positivism in his book, Suicide (1897), to show how the most personal of individual behaviors is shaped by social forces

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11
Q

Karl Marx was?

A

A politically committed theorist and activist, he is the originator of conflict theory

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12
Q

What was the conflict theory based on?

A

based on the materialist conception of history

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13
Q

what is the materialist conception of history

A

the mode of production is the key force in shaping society

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14
Q

What is Alienation?

A

The workers who build the products can’t take the items or use their creativity on the product

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15
Q

What did Karl Marx believe?

A

Capitalism contains contradictions that will bring about its destruction

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16
Q

Class conflict

A

The struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

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17
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Capitalists; those who own the means of production

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18
Q

Proletariat

A

workers; must sell their labor power to survive

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19
Q

What did Max Weber believe in?

A

Erklären, Verstehen, and rationalization

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20
Q

What was rationalization encouraged by?

A

Protestantism, so those societies that abandoned Catholicism first were also likely to be among the countries that first became capitalist

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21
Q

Rationalization

A

Openness to non-mystical explanations, science, innovation, efficiency

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22
Q

Verstehen

A

Weber suggested that instead, we should focus on subjective meanings, the ways in which people interpret their own behaviour

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23
Q

Erklären

A

explanation based on objective factors often fails to account for people’s subjective interpretations of circumstances

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24
Q

Theory

A

General statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work

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25
Symbolic Interaction
View symbols as the basis of social life and focuses on face-to-face interactions
26
Functionalism
Looks at the structure of society and the functions that are performed by different institutions within society.
27
Functions
The beneficial consequences of people’s actions that maintain equilibrium
28
Dysfunctions
have negative consequences. Don’t work out for the prolongation of society
29
Manifest functions
Things we intend
30
Latent functions
Things that may not be consciously intended
31
agents of socialization
people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, or other orientations toward life
32
anticipatory socialization
learning part of a future role because one anticipates it
33
beliefs
ideas that individuals or groups hold to be true about the nature of reality, the social world, and various aspects of life
34
capitalist
an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition
35
counterculture
a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviours place its members in opposition to the broader culture
36
cultural capital
the non-economic social assets an individual possesses, like knowledge, skills, behaviors, and tastes
37
cultural diffusion
the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
38
cultural lag
William Ogburn’s term for human behaviour lagging behind technological innovations
39
cultural leveling
the process by which cultures become similar to one another, and especially by which Western industrial culture is imported and diffused into developing nations
40
cultural relativism
understanding a different culture on its own terms
41
culture
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviours, and even material objects passed from one generation to the next
42
degradation ceremony
describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's self-identity and stamping a new one in its place
43
ethnocentrism
the use of one’s own culture for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviours
44
feminist theories
arxist, liberal, and radical—hold that women are oppressed by gender roles that are products of social, historical, and cultural factors
45
folkways
norms that are not strictly enforced
46
game stage
the final stage in Mead's theory of self-development, where children learn to understand and follow rules, take on multiple social roles, and develop an awareness of the "generalized other" by participating in organized games with other players
47
gender roles
the behaviours and attitudes considered appropriate because one is a female or a male
48
generalized other
the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of “people in general”
49
in-group
groups toward which one feels loyalty
50
language
a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
51
looking-glass self
the process by which our self develops through internalizing others’ reactions to us
52
material culture
the material objects that distinguish a group of people. Physical products of society
53
mores
norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought to be essential to core values
54
non-material culture
a group’s ways of thinking and doing (its common patterns of behaviour, including language and other forms of interaction)
55
norms
the expectations or rules of behaviour that develop out of values
56
origins of sociology
refers to the scientific study of society and social interactions
57
play stage
a developmental phase in childhood, according to Mead's theory, where children begin to learn about social roles by imitating and acting out the behaviors of significant others, like parents or teachers
58
primary groups
a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and co-operation
59
protestant ethic
Weber’s term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality
60
reference group
the groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves
61
resocialization
the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviours
62
sanctions
expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms
63
sapir-whorf hypothesis
language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
64
significant other
an individual who significantly influences someone else’s life
65
self
the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves “from the outside”
66
social location
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
67
socialization
the process which societies culture is absorbed
68
society
group of people who share a culture and a territory
69
spirit of capitalism
Weber's term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty and to constantly reinvest it
70
subculture
the values and related behaviours of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture
71
symbols
something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others
72
taboo
a norm so strong that it brings revulsion if violated
73
taking the role of the other
understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act
74
total institution
a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place
75
values
the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable

SOC 101 (3 decks)

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