study guide 1 Flashcards
0
Q
Which receptor causes mydriasis?
A
Alpha 1 receptors
1
Q
Which receptor increases peripheral resistance (PR)?
A
Alpha 1 receptors
2
Q
Which receptor causes closure of the urinary bladder?
A
Alpha 1 receptors
3
Q
Which receptor modulates norepinephrine (NE) release?
A
Alpha 2 receptors
4
Q
Which receptor moderates insulin release?
A
Alpha 2 receptors
5
Q
Which receptor increases heart rate?
A
Beta 1 receptors
6
Q
Which receptor increases AV node conduction?
A
Beta 2 receptors
7
Q
Which receptor increases myocardial contraction?
A
Beta 1 receptors
8
Q
Which receptor increases renin release?
A
Beta 1 receptors
9
Q
Which receptor causes vasodilation?
A
Beta 2 receptors
10
Q
Which receptor causes bronchial dilation?
A
Beta 2 receptors
11
Q
Which receptor increases release of glucagon?
A
Beta 2 receptors
12
Q
Which receptor causes relaxation of urinary bladder?
A
Beta 2 receptors
13
Q
Which receptor decreases GI secretions?
A
Beta 2 receptors
14
Q
Which receptor causes relaxation of uterine smooth muscle?
A
Beta 2 receptors
15
Q
Dopamine is converted to ___.
A
Norepinephrine
16
Q
Which receptor causes vasodilation?
A
Alpha 1 receptors
17
Q
Drugs used to treat shock: (4)
A
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
- metaraminol
18
Q
The purpose of dopamine?
A
to treat shock from MI, trauma, open heart surgery
19
Q
Physiological fx of dopamine:
A
- stimulates heart and BP
- causes renal dilation to increase blood flow to kidney
- prevents diminished blood flow to kidney
20
Q
Side fx of dopamine:
A
- tachycardia
- angina/pain
- hypertension
- dyspnea
- N&V
- headaches
- arrythmias
21
Q
Tx of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) include:
A
Doxazosin
Terazosin
Tamsulosin
Difuzosin
22
Q
Tx of BPH include drugs that target which SNS receptors?
A
Alpha 1 selective adrenergic blocking agent
23
Q
Side fx of prazosin
A
- allergy to drug
- lactation
- hepatic impairment
- dizziness
- weakness
- N&V
- diarrhea
- arrythmia
- hypotension
- edema
- CHF
- angina/pain
- nasal congestion
- syncope (fainting)
24
Physiological reason for "1st dose syncope (fainting)":
1st dose will cause a drop in BP which can cause syncope (fainting). Best for pt to take 1st dose at night.
25
Asthmatic pt should take what kind of beta blocker and why?
Beta 1 selective adrenergic blocking agent bc they usually don't block beta1 receptor sites which is responsible for bronchodilation.
26
Propanolol is used for treating:
Hypertension, angina, migraines, anxiety
27
Propanolol side fx:
- allergic rxn
- bradycardia
- CHF
- cardiac arrythmia
- pulmonary edema
- gastric pain
- BRONCHOSPASM
28
Do not use propanolol if pt:
has asthma or is a smoker
29
Neurotransmitters of the SNS: (3)
Acetylcholine
NE
Ephinephrine
30
Beta blocker side fx:
- fatigue, dizziness, and sleep disturbances
- bradycardia, heart block, CHF, hypotension
- bronchoplasm, rhinitis
- N/V, diarrhea
- decreased libido
31
Phenylephrine used to tx:
- hypertension
- nasal decongestant
- shock
- tachycardia
- cold and allergies
32
Side fx of phenylephrine:
- anxiety
- restlessness
- depression
- fatigue
- blurred vision
- h/a
33
Do not ___ while on phenylephrine.
drink
34
Pregnancy category A
No risk to fetus in 1st trimester
| No evidence for last trimesters
35
Pregnancy category B
No risk to animal fetus
| No studies for pregnant women
36
Pregnancy Category C
Adverse fx in animals
No adequate studies in pregnant women
May be acceptable to use
37
Pregnancy category D
Human fetal risk
| May be acceptable despite risk
38
Pregnancy category X
Clear damage to fetus
| Risk outweighs any benefit
39
Therapeutic effect:
Amount of drug needed to cause an effect (beneficial)
40
Pharmacokinetics:
```
How the body acts on the drug
Onset of drug action
Movement of drug to body tissues
Drug half-life
Metabolism
Site of excretion
```
41
Pharmacodynamics:
How the drug affects the body
42
Pharmacogenetics:
Study of genetically determined variations in response to drugs
43
First pass effect
Drugs given orally are directed to liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter general circulation
44
Critical concentration:
Amount of drug needed to cause a therapeutic effect.
45
Pharmacology:
Study of biological effects of a chemical
46
Synergistic fx:
2 drugs w/ diff mechanisms produce a greater effect than if given individually (1+1=3)
47
Metoprolol treats:
Hypertension, CHF, & MI
48
Additive fx:
2 drugs given in combo to produce a total effect the same as the sum of the indiv fx (1+1=2)
49
Antagonist fx:
2 drugs cancel each other out (1+1=0)
50
Cumulative fx:
Repeated admin of a drug may produce fx more pronounced than those produced by the first dose
51
Trade names:
Brand name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical co that dvlped it
52
Generic names:
Original designation that a drug is given when the drug co that dvlped it applies for the approval process
53
Half-life:
Time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to 1/2 the peak level it previously achieved
54
Nursing process and admin of meds:
- Assessment (h/o surgical & social, current meds, allergies)
- Admin of ordered meds & therapy
- Assessment of rxn to med
- Teaching
- Eval of teaching effective
55
The 7 rights of drug admin:
- (patient)
- drug
- dose
- route
- frequency/timing
- documentation
- storage
- prep
56
What fx drug metabolism and where does it primarily occur?
```
It primarily occurs in the liver.
Factors affecting metabolism:
- Route
- Fat
- Temp (cold = longer; warm = shorter)
- Stomach pH
- Presence of food & smoking
```
57
Drugs of choice for hypertension & CHF:
Carvedilol & Metoprolol
58
Preclinical trial phase:
Tested on lab animals
59
Phase 1 clinical trials:
Chemicals tested on healthy (no dz state) human volunteers
60
Phase II clinical trials
Drugs tested on informed pts with the dz
61
Phase III clinical trials
Drug used in vast clinical market
62
Phase IV clinical trials
Continual eval of drug
63
What is Pheochromocytoma and what does it treat?
Tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of NE & epinephrine.
It treats hypertension.
64
Fx of sympathomimetics:
They are drugs that mimic the fx of the SNS.
They are bronchodilators.
They increase BP & HR.
65
What are adrenergic blockers and how do they work?
They are called sympathomimetic drugs bc they lyse/block the fx of the SNS.
They prevent NE from activating the receptor
66
Aluminum is used to treat:
- Decrease gastric acidity
- Mange hyperphosphatemia
- Prevents formation of phosphate urinary stones
67
Fluoride is used for:
- Prevention of dental cavities
| - Prevention of osteoporosis
68
Gold is used to treat:
Rheumatoid arthritis
69
Iron is used to treat:
Iron deficiency anemia
70
Anaphylactic rxn:
- Can be fatal
- Can happen immediately or over time after drug was taken
- Ab's attack Ag's causing cell death
- S&S include: hives, difficulty breathing, increased BP & HR
71
Cytotoxic rxn:
- Not immediate, can happen over a few days
- Decreased hematocrit, WBC's, & platelets
- Increased liver enzymes
- Decreased renal fxn
72
Serum sickness rxn
- Can occur up to one week or more
- It is more severe than delayed allergic rxn
- Ab's cause damage to tissues by depositing in blood vessels
- Itchy rash, high fever, swollen lymph nodes & joints, edema of face & limbs
73
Delayed allergic rxn:
- Can occur w/in several hrs
- Ab's bind to specific WBC's
- Rash, hives, swollen joints (similar to rxn to poison ivy)
74
Schedule I drugs
- No accepted medical use in US
- High abuse potential
- i.e. heroin, LSD, ecstacy
75
Increased motility & secretions in the GI tract. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
76
Schedule II drugs
- May lead to potential physical or psychological dependence
- High potential abuse
- i.e. morphine, amphetamine
77
Schedule III drugs
- May lead to moderate or low physical dependence
- May lead to high psychological dependence
- Less potential for abuse than Schedule I & II drugs
- i.e. vicodin, tylenol w/ codeine
78
Schedule IV drugs
- Low potential for abuse
| - i.e. xanax, valium
79
Schedule V drugs
- Limited potential for abuse
| - i.e. cough syrups (Robitussin)
80
Stomatitis:
Inflammation of mucous membranes
81
Blood is diverted from the GI tract & internal organs. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
82
Superinfections:
Destruction of body's normal flora
83
Blood dyscrasia:
- Bone marrow suppression
| - Permanent abnormal cellular elements
84
Atropine-like (anticholinergic) fx:
Dries the pt out
85
Organ with the important role in med excretion:
Kidneys
86
BP & HR increases. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
87
Respiratory efficiency increases. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
88
Bronchodilation & RR increases. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
89
Pupils dilate. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
90
Muscarinic receptors are found in:
- Visceral effector organs
- Sweat glands
- Some vascular smooth muscle
91
Piloerection (erection of hair) occurs. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
92
Dopamine is converted to NE which causes?
Renal artery dilation
93
Constriction of bronchi w/ increased secretion. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
94
Relaxation of GI & bladder. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
95
Nebivolol treats:
Hypertension
96
Atenolol treats:
MI, chronic angina, & hypertension
97
Atenolol treats:
MI, chronic angina, & hypertension
98
Stimulation of muscarinic receptors results in:
- Pupil constriction
- Increased GI motility
- Increased salivation
- Increased urinary bladder constriction
- Decreased HR
99
Muscarinic receptors:
Receptors stimulated by muscarine (plant alkaloid from mushrooms)
100
Bisoprolol treats:
Hypertension
101
Bisoprolol treats:
Hypertension
102
Stimulation of nicotinic receptors results in:
- Muscle contraction
- Autonomic response
- Release of NE & epinephrine from adrenal medulla
103
Epinephrine treats:
Shock, glaucoma
104
Nicotinic receptors are located:
- CNS
- Adrenal medulla
- Autonomic ganglia
- Neuromuscular jxn
105
Dopamine treats:
Shock
106
Dobutamine treats:
CHF
107
Norephinephrine treats:
Shock, or is used during cardiac arrest to stimulate sympathetic activity
108
Metaraminol treats:
Shock, or induces sympathetic activity during cardiac arrest
109
Beta blockers often end with the suffix ___
-olol (i.e. propanolol, metaprolol)
110
Ephedrine treats:
Seasonal arthritis, hyptensive episodes
111
Alpha blockers often end with the suffix ___.
-osin (i.e. prazosin, doxazosin)
112
Metoprolol treats:
Hypertension, CHF, & MI
113
Isoproterenol treats:
- Shock, cardiac standstill, and heartblock in transplanted hearts
- Prevention of bronchoplasm during anesthesia
- Inhaled to treat bronchoplasm
114
Decreased HR & contractility. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
115
Carvedilol treats:
Hypertension & CHF
116
Guanadrel treats:
Hypertension in adults not responding to thiazide diuretics
117
Guanethidine treats:
Hypertension and renal hypertension
118
Ritodrine use:
Management of preterm labor
119
Phentolamine use:
Management of severe hypertension during pheochromocytoma surgery
120
Doxazosin treats:
Hypertension & is also effective in tx of BPH
121
Prazosin treats:
Hypertension alone or in combo with other drugs
122
Labetalol treats:
Hypertension, pheochromocytoma, and clonidine w/drawal
123
Tamsulosin treats:
BPH
124
Alfuzosin treats:
BPH
125
Terazosin treats:
Hypertension and BPH
126
Which receptor increases BP?
Alpha 1 receptors
127
Sotalol use:
Use in prevention of life-threatening ventricular arrythmias
128
Propanolol treats:
Hypertension, angina, migraines
129
Timolol treats:
Hypertension & used in prevention of reinfarction after MI
130
Nadolol treats:
Hypertension & chronic angina
131
Pupillary constriction. Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
132
Esmolol treats:
Supraventricular tachycardias
133
Esmolol treats:
Supraventricular tachycardias
