Study Guide 1 Vocab

Question 1

Complete loss of oxygen to the brain.

Answer 1

Anoxia

Question 2

This is mental action. It involves the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Variously, mental activity could involve any given spatial structure, type of system, procedure, or construct and the known relations between them. It can be understood as mentally representing and storing information in memory.

Answer 2

Cognition

Question 3

This term characterizes the intentional selection of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors within the context of current task demands, one’s knowledge base, and the environmental context. It includes the concomitant suppression of inappropriate habitual actions.

Answer 3

Cognitive control

Question 4

This is a resilience to neuropathological damage based on the way the brain uses its damaged and undamaged resources. This construct suggests that there are individual differences in how well those in late adulthood process and perform thinking tasks. And it explains why those with higher IQ, education, occupational attainment, or balanced participation in leisure activities evidence less severe clinical or cognitive changes in the presence of age-related or Alzheimer’s disease pathology.

Answer 4

Cognitive reserve

Question 5

This general term describes cognitive behavior. It involves mental activity dealing with ideas, images, mental representations, or other hypothetical elements of thought that is either experienced or manipulated. This cognitive behavior includes the spectrum of mental activity such as imagining, remembering, problem solving, daydreaming, free association, concept formation, and so on.

Answer 5

Information processing?

Question 6

This is the cognitive mechanism that relies on sensory information to interpret the environmental milieu. This is a data driven information processing mechanism. This function becomes refined through development and is one of the core ways we come to understand information in the world.

Answer 6

Bottom-up Information Processing

Question 7

This is the cognitive mechanism that affords understanding by using pre-existing knowledge and context cues from the environment.

Answer 7

Top-down Information Processing

Question 8

This is the time it takes a person to do a mental task. It involves the quickness with which neural structures transmit information (receive, interpret, and respond).

Answer 8

Speed of processing

Question 9

This strategic approach to maximizing short-term memory efficiency involves grouping large amounts of information into smaller units. This makes the information easier to process.

Answer 9

Information Chunking

Question 10

This is an awareness of one’s thought processes and an understanding of the patterns behind them. It can be understood as thinking about thinking.

Answer 10

Metacognition

Question 11

This is the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize itself as a result of experience. Learning is a byproduct of this ability.

Answer 11

Neuroplasticity

Question 12

This is the capacity to store and retrieve information. With regard to cognitive functioning, this is one of three interrelated cognitive functions often impaired following acquired brain injuries.

Answer 12

Memory

Question 13

These models of memory describe the functional ways biopsychosocial information is transformed in the body over time.

Answer 13

Process-oriented Models of Memory

Question 14

These models of memory describe the temporal parameters and capacity limitations of information storage in the brain.

Answer 14

Structural Models of Memory

Question 15

This is the cognitive capacity for storing information in a readily available state for about 15 – 30 seconds. Rehearsal can extend this duration.

Answer 15

Short Term Memory

Question 16

This is a temporally-dependent cognitive process that stabilizes an initial memory trace. Once new information is acquired, it is strengthened into long term memory. This process can occur over days or years.

Answer 16

Memory Consolidation

Question 17

This is a multicomponent cognitive system for consciously processing information. Its principle structures are involved in the temporary storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. It is closely associated with attentional control and functions as the platform for higher level executive functions such as reasoning, learning, and understanding complex information.

Answer 17

Working Memory

Question 18

These are chains of behaviors performed routinely to perform a task. One behavior triggers the initiation of subsequent behaviors. Over time, behaviors in the chain become firmly associated, automatic, and then maintained in memory through repetition. These routinized behavior chains afford cognitive efficiency, freeing up processing resources for other mental activity.

Answer 18

Habits

Question 19

This is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies problem-solving and decision-making.

Answer 19

Heuristic

Question 20

This is the brain’s mechanism used for getting information into the memory system. It is usually divided into the manner of entry, that is, through effortful processing or through automatic means.

Answer 20

Memory Encoding

Question 21

This is the brain’s mechanism for creating a representation of information. This Happens through the actions of synapses.

Answer 21

Memory Storage

Question 22

This is the brain’s mechanism for recovering, revising, associating, and recovering stored information. It is very dependent on the healthy functioning of the hippocampus.

Answer 22

Memory Retrieval

Question 23

This is the cognitive process of selectively focusing on specific information in the environment.

Answer 23

Attention

Question 24

This is considered the system of buffers in working memory that store incoming information but have limited capacity. In general terms, it is the amount of incoming sensory information that can be held in mind to the point the system becomes overwhelmed.

Answer 24

Attentional Control

Question 25

This is a cognitive system involved with the final, semi-permanent memories of an individual. Theoretically, it has an infinite capacity, and information can remain there indefinitely.

Answer 25

Long-Term Memory

Question 26

This type of memory is synonymous with non-declarative memory. It refers to several types of memory processes including motor skills, priming, emotional memories, conditioned responses, and non-associative learned behaviors.

Answer 26

Implicit Memory

Question 27

This type of memory is synonymous with declarative memory. It refers to knowledge of factual information and includes three important sub processes: semantic memory, episodic memory, and lexical memory.

Answer 27

Explicit Memory

Question 28

These are a set of cognitive processes that guide goal-directed behaviors essential to performing everyday tasks and contribute to monitoring or regulating task performance. They are involved in the self-control of thinking, feeling, and acting. Three core processes and over thirty higher order processes constitute the construct.

Answer 28

Executive Functions

Question 29

This is the capacity for concentrating. It involves an individual choosing what to pay attention to and what to ignore. This cognitive factor is closely associated with higher-level executive functions such as reasoning, problem solving, goal pursuit, conflict resolution, and others.

Answer 29

Attentional Capacity

Question 30

This is the cognitive capacity for maintaining focus and engagement to task goals over time. This factor is one of the primary factors of concentration and is closely associated with academic achievement in math and reading. This capacity increases with development.

Answer 30

Sustained Attention

Question 31

This cognitive process constrains or suppresses an impulse, behavior, habitual response, or neural activity for the purpose of accomplishing valued activity. It is importantly related to self-regulation and decision-making.

Answer 31

Inhibitory Control

Question 32

This cognitive process involves switching between different task rules and corresponding behavioral responses, adjusting the focus of mental activity, and maintaining multiple concepts simultaneously while shifting attention between them. This capacity is very important for learning.

Answer 32

Cognitive Flexibility

Question 33

The ability to remember to carry out intended actions in the absence of an explicit direction to perform the action.

Answer 33

Prospective Memory

Question 34

This is the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing.

Answer 34

Insight

Question 35

This is the ability to actively self-monitor and attend to internal and external feedback while doing something, such as recognizing a challenge exists while performing a task or knowing that a task is being executed properly.

Answer 35

Online Awareness

Question 36

This cognitive construct involves insight into the status of one’s own mental faculties both as they exist in the moment and as they have functioned through time.

Answer 36

Intellectual Awareness

Question 37

This is the ability to control one’s own behavior and manage thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in accordance with one’s standards (morals) or in a way that is known to result in satisfactorily achieving one’s goals.

Answer 37

Self Regulation

Question 38

This refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to attain specific performance goals, and it reflects the individual’s perceived level of control over personal motivation, behavior, and social environment.

Answer 38

Self Efficacy

Question 39

This is insight into one’s own abilities and challenges. Typically, it involves the capacity to view oneself somewhat objectively and to perceive our own actions from the perspective of others. It affords incorporating feedback from others and modifying one’s behavior accordingly.

Answer 39

Self Awareness

Question 40

This is the cognitive ability to identify the steps, generate potential solutions, and mentally organize the sequence of actions needed to achieve a goal efficiently. Some refer to this ability as sub-goaling. This is a higher-level executive function.

Answer 40

Problem Solving

Question 41

This is the cognitive ability to use logic, especially to draw inferences or conclusions and think critically about an issue, and basically make sense out of information. This is a higher-level executive function.

Answer 41

Reasoning

Question 42

This is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, and knowledge—to oneself and others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one’s own.

Answer 42

Theory of Mind

Question 43

This is the ability a body or a person has to recover from or adjust to stress, change, or misfortune.

Answer 43

Resilience

Question 44

This is the cognitive ability to remain watchful or attentive especially when alerted to possible danger. Vigilance is associated with sleep disorders and its neural control appears to be in the right cerebral hemisphere.

Answer 44

Vigilance

Question 45

This is a person-centered and directive counseling approach to increasing a client/patient’s readiness for change by helping clients/patients examine and possibly even resolve their ambivalence about change.

Answer 45

Motivational Interviewing

Question 46

These approaches to intervention target enduring change in the ways the brain operates; they target strategic and functional behavioral changes. Current evidence promotes these types of intervention over dichotomized interventions.

Answer 46

Restorative Approach

Question 47

These approaches to intervention aim to work around, or compensate for cognitive deficits. They are based on assessment of intact cognitive skills and involve treatment programs and cued strategies (errorless learning activities, structured [published] training programs, environmental modifications, internal self-management strategies] .

Answer 47

Compensatory Interventions

Question 48

These approaches to intervention target change in performing activities of daily living and other activities having functional importance to the client/patient. These approaches involve immersive rehabilitation interventions using virtual reality devices and live simulation environments (e.g., a kitchen located in the rehab clinic).

Answer 48

Adaptive Intervention

Question 49

These approaches to intervention utilize a relational approach to building a therapeutic working alliance with a client/patient. One of the core strategies used is to motivational interviewing to address acceptance and develop a productive mindset.

Answer 49

Process-Oriented Interventions

Question 50

This is an approach to understanding human health and impairment through a multi-systems lens. These types of models explain the intricate interconnectedness among aspects of biology, psychology, and social environments and ways aspects of each combine to influence both health and disease.

Answer 50

Biopsychosocial Model

Question 51

These are meaningful changes in behavior that result from goal-directed therapeutic intervention. The changes relate to cognitive, physical, and or social engagement in activities that have relevance to the client/patient.

Answer 51

Functional Outcomes

Question 52

This is a behavioral situation in which a learned association between two stimuli fails to generalize when the stimuli are presented in a novel combination. Non-declarative memories have this feature because they are context dependent, do not generalize well, and thus may pose barriers to achieving functional outcomes.

Answer 52

Hyper-specificity of Learning

Question 53

This is an approach to cognitive rehabilitation involving cross communication and role sharing. It involves a common language and shared perspectives regarding optimal intervention.

Answer 53

Interprofessional Collaboration

Question 54

This is the degree to which a client and practitioner are collaboratively engaged in a rehabilitation process that is beneficial to the client’s recovery and is a mainstay of person-centered practice.

Answer 54

Therapeutic Alliance

Question 55

These are what the clinician says, does, or provides to improve client functioning. These are one of three integral components of the RTSS system for describing and classifying rehabilitation treatments.

Answer 55

Therapeutic Ingredients

Question 56

These are the aspects of client functioning that are set as goals for change. These are one of three integral components of the RTSS system for describing and classifying rehabilitation treatments.

Answer 56

Therapeutic Targets

Question 57

These are the processes, techniques, or systems through which (the clinician believes) change occurs. These are one of three integral components of the RTSS system for describing and classifying rehabilitation treatments.

Answer 57

Therapeutic Mechanisms of Action

Question 58

This is the study of methods that influence the integration of evidence-based interventions into practice settings.

Answer 58

Implementation Science

Question 59

This research design involves the participant serving as their own control. The design is logically constructed to predict, verify, and replicate a behavior by measuring patterns of change in a targeted behavior.

Answer 59

Single-Subject Research Design

Question 60

This diagnosis is made after a brain injury when a patient/client cannot form new declarative memories.

Answer 60

Anterograde Impairment (Amnesia)

Question 61

This diagnosis is made after a brain injury when a patient/client cannot recall previously formed declarative memories.

Answer 61

Retrograde Impairment (Amnesia)

Question 62

This diagnosis is made when a patient/client cannot form new declarative memories for an extended period of time following a brain injury.

Answer 62

Post-Traumatic Amnesia

Question 63

This diagnosis is made following a brain injury when a patient/client demonstrates pronounced disinterest, disengagement, lack of inertia and/or motivation, and absence of emotional responsivity. Observation of this constellation of behaviors indicates a referral to psychiatric services is needed.

Answer 63

Apathy Syndrome

Question 64

This diagnosis is made after a brain injury when the patient/client demonstrates cognitive unawareness of their disability. Symptoms include (a) ignoring or avoiding information reflecting the acquired disability, such as failing to recognize errors, (b) making overly positive self-evaluative statements, and (c) minimizing or reporting as unimportant, striking symptoms of their disability.

Answer 64

Anosognosia

Question 65

This diagnosis is made when symptoms of decision fatigue, reduced willpower, and diminished motivation occur during times of increased stress and anxiety and result in diminished productivity in the clinic. These symptoms resolve when the stressful events are removed or when one “takes a break” from the precipitating factor.

Answer 65

Cognitive Depletion

Question 66

This is a defense mechanism involving a refusal of, or postponement of, accepting the reality of an event, outcome, or evolving situation, thus blocking or minimizing the intensity of emotions associated with the event (e.g., loss, guilt, shame, embarrassment, extreme joy).

Answer 66

Denial

Question 67

This is the faculty for identifying and interpreting the social signals conveyed by others. Social signals include affective displays (empathy, annoyance, agreement, etc.), variation in vocal tones while communicating, behaviors reflecting active thinking (theory of mind), and so on.

Answer 67

Social Cognition

Question 68

Neurological condition that causes people to have uncontrollable episodes of crying or laughing that are inappropriate for situations.

Answer 68

Pseudobulbar Affect

Question 69

Abnormal absence of arterial oxygen in the blood as results in high altitude or severe anemia.

Answer 69

Anoxemia

Question 70

Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the body's tissue including the brain.

Answer 70

Hypoxia