Study Guide Flashcards
(27 cards)
1
Q
urbanization
A
- the process of population shifting from rural to increasingly urban environments
- over 20th century, cities explode in growth
- in developing countries, urbanization is driven by economic factors (which are influenced by environmental factors)
- e.g. deforestation and mining has lead to those in rural areas leaving for the cities to find work
- e.g. changing environment kills shrimp, reduces jobs, people move
2
Q
What are some examples of preindustrial power?
A
- human- e.g. chopping down a tree
- animal - e.g. horsepower to pull down a tree
- environmental - e.g. burning it down
3
Q
How does the Industrial Revolution transform power?
check readings
A
- steam engine in 1712 by James Watt
- allows for mass production of goods - clothing agriculture, food, etc.
- applications of the steam engine (to agriculture, for example) reduces the need to be reliant on humans, animals, and environment
- preindustrial powers may need to run the machines, but the machines are now doing the work
4
Q
Overurbanization
A
- the extremely rapid development of cities, most typically seen in Less Developed Countries
5
Q
Primate cities
A
- the largest city in a country, that is twice as large as any other city in the country
- they are often the result of uneven growth and urbanization
- healthy growth is when the central city grows, and the surrounding areas grow along with it… primate cities growth without the surrounding areas, thus are not sustainable
6
Q
How do you calculate environmental impact?
A
multiply population by consumption by technology
P * C * T = E
7
Q
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
A
- provided an absolute ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States
- ## even if a individual from China was not a laborer (e.g. a diplomat), they still needed to gain certification from the Chinese government stating that they were qualified to immigrate
8
Q
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
A
- provided an absolute ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States
- even if a individual from China was not a laborer (e.g. a diplomat), they still needed to gain certification from the Chinese government stating that they were qualified to immigrate
- however, these individuals still found it very difficult to be granted entry into the US, because the Chinese Exclusion Act defined laborer as being “skilled and unskilled”
- in a nutshell… very few Chinese could enter the country under this law
- source: https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act
9
Q
Immigration Quota Act of 1921
A
- limited Immigration to essentially Western Europeans
- “calculated at 3 percent of the total number of foreign-born persons from that country recorded in the 1910 census”
- source: https://immigrationhistory.org/item/%E2%80%8B1921-emergency-quota-law/
10
Q
Angel Island
A
- located on the West Coast (San Fransisco)
- less people, more rejection, longer stay
- served as the point of entry into the US for many Asians (e.g. Chinese and Japanese)
- 150,000 processed, 50,000 rejected (33%)
- stayed average of 2-3 weeks
11
Q
Ellis Island
A
- located on the East Coast (New York)
- more people, less rejection, stayed less time
- 19 million people processed, 1.2 million rejected (6%)
- stayed average of one day
- European immigrants passed through here (Southern and eastern Europe)
12
Q
cultural hearth
A
- a place of origin for a widespread diffusion of a cultural trend
- two components = 1) place of origin and 2) diffusion
- examples include Israel for Christianity and India for Buddhism
- river basins - lend themselves to formation and diffusion of ideas because of their location near seas
- e.g. Christianity spread overseas to Wester Europe and Africa
13
Q
Abrahamic religions
A
- All have an understanding of the God of Moses… but disagree after that. For example…
- Jews and Christians… foundations = Torah study
- Jews, Muslims, and Christians… same God
- Muslims… God (not people) wrote the Scriptures
14
Q
Monotheistic religions
A
believe in a single God
- Christians = God
- Jews = Yahweh
- Muslims = Allah
- Hindus = Brahman
15
Q
Hinduism
A
- Brahman = single godhead
- Samsara = “life cycle” with reincarnation
- Atman = the soul
- Moksha = salvation
- rivers = sacred
16
Q
Explain the influence of urbanization on population growth.
Explain how the industrial revolution creates urbanization.
A
- what is urbanization… the process of a population shifting from rural to increasingly urban environments
- environmental factors influence economic factors… e.g. deforestation and mining impacts the rural environments that the people who live there depend on to make a living… so they go to the cities to find work
- there are more resources to the cities… people, raw materials, capital resources, factories and workhouses
- why factories… post-industrial revolution, no longer restricted in terms of of their locations (near rivers, access to ocean, etc.)
- thus, with this rise of factories and urbanization, “newer immigrants [were] attracted by unskilled jobs in heavy industry or in sweatshops”
- economic opportunities, as well as the following, attracted people…
- better education facilities, newspapers, books, periodicals, libraries, museums, theatres, health services, hospitals
- percent of population in rural areas decreases (95% in 1790 to 75% in 1870) while city population explodes (NY 1,000,000 by 1880)
17
Q
Explain the causes of overurbanization
A
- overurbanization - the rapid development of cities, typically more common in less developed countries
- primate cities = twice as large as any other city in the country
- overurbanization happens when the central city grows without the surrounding areas (lack of healthy growth)
18
Q
Explain historical efforts to keep America white
A
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (see key term)
- Immigration Quota Act of 1921 (see key term)
- Welcoming of Mexican-Americans in 1920s, but deporting them in the 1930s
- Ellis Island vs Angel Island
- Xenophobia - unless willing to assimilate (or “act white”) they were denied equal rights (see political cartoon)
- Melting pot mentality
19
Q
What do Jews, Muslims, and Christians have in common?
A
- One God - God of Abraham
- Opening Holy Scriptures (e.g. Creation)
- Jerusalem = Holy City
- Covenant with Moses
- All the prophets (prior to Jesus)
- Fasting
20
Q
What to Muslims and Christians have in common?
A
- New Testament
- Jesus is a prophet
21
Q
What do Muslims and Jews have in common?
A
- no pork
22
Q
What do Christians and Jews have in common?
A
- no alcohol (Nazirites only)
- Foundations = Torah study
23
Q
What is distinctive about Christians?
A
- Rest day = Sunday
- New covenant with Jesus
- Foundation = Sacraments
- divisions = Orthodox, Roman, Protestant
24
Q
What is distinctive about Jews?
A
- Main divisions = orthodox, ultra orthodox, conservative, reformer
- 613 commandments
- rest day = Saturday
- for majority, Jesus is not the Messiah
25
What is distinctive about Muslims?
- rest day = Friday
- no alcohol ever
- new covenant with Mohammed
- Mohammed = Last Prophet
- Sunni and Shiites = main divisions
- Foundations = five pillars of Islam
26
Hinduism
- monotheistic (single godhead = Brahman)
- Samsara = "life cycle" with reincarnation
- caste system
- Atman = the soul
- Moksha = salvation
- rivers = symbolic of gods
27
examples of primate cities
Mexico City, Seoul, Paris, Cairo, Jakarta
