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Study Guide Flashcards

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0
Q

What is ATP

A

A cmpd that is created with chemical energy that stores energy in the last phosphate group

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1
Q

ATP molecule

A

Adenine
5c ribose
3 phosphate groups

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2
Q

ATP ->

A

Adp and an inorganic phosphate group

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3
Q

Photosynthesis reactants

A

6 co2
6H2O
Light

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4
Q

What is autotroph

A

Self feeding. Use s light or chemicals or surroundings to feed itself and make food

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5
Q

Heterotrophs what are they

A

Eats other organisms and things to get energy

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6
Q

Chloroplast cross section

A

Go label it

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7
Q

Where is the…on the chloroplast

A 
Outer membrane
Innermembrane
Inter membrane space
Stroma
Granum
Thylakoids
Lamella
Lumen
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8
Q

What happens in the stroma

A

Calvincycle

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9
Q

What happens in the thylakoids and granum

A

Light reactions

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10
Q

What does the lamella do

A

Connects thylakoids

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11
Q

What is the lumen

A

Interior of any space

Interior of thylakoids

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12
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

They capture light

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13
Q

What colors do they reflect

A

They reflect green

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14
Q

Stages of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions

Calvin cycle

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15
Q

Where are the light reactions

A

Thykaloid/ granum

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16
Q

What happens in light reactions photo system 2

A

Generates ATP

Accessory chlorophyll captures light which excites its electrons.
The excited pigment releases the molecule where it is trapped by another and it bounces around until it gets to the2 chlorophyll-a. Where the chlorophyll a bounce not to the primary electron acceptor that sends it into the etc.

The splitting on hydrogen (hydrolysis) replace lost electrons

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17
Q

Light reactions photo system 1

A

Generates nadph+

Light excites electron…chlorophyll a , primary electron acceptor, ETC .

Electrons go through NADP+ reductase to make NADPH

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18
Q

Etc photo system 2

A

The electron is passed from protein to protein and as they do that, they use energy in the electron to bring 4 h+ in from stroma into thylakoids space (lumen) creating a higher concentration inside the thykaloid. The h+ diffuses out thought atpsynthase and spins it making ATP

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19
Q

Hydrolysis to replace electrons

A

The split makes 2 e- and O2 and 2 h+

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20
Q

Parts of a photosynthesis

A

Light harvesting complex

And. Reaction center complex

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21
Q

Light reactions equation

A

Light + ADP + H2O makes ATP + NADPH + O2

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22
Q

Where is the Calvin cycle

A

Stroma

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23
Q

What happens in Calvin cycle

A

Carbon enters In the form of CO2
The Calvin cycle uses rubisco enzyme , ATP, and NADPH to convert co2 into G3P, 3 carbon sugar

ATP is energy source.
NADPH adds high energy electrons to make the sugar
Rubisco is always conserved

Several intermediate carbon sugars are made and rearranged before g3p is made

The adp and NADP+ is returned to the light reactions

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24
How many ATP and NADPH needed for Calvin cycle
9 and 6 6 ATP for forming G3P 3 for regenerating ruBP
25
RuBP
Co2 acceptor
26
Purpose for Calvin cycle
Make sugars
27
Equation for Calvin cycle
9ATP + 6NADPH + 3CO2 makes ADP + NADP+ + G3P
28
Primary purpose of light reactions
Make materials for Calvin cycle
29
Most abundant protein on earth
Rubisco
30
What does rubisco do
Helps convert 3co2 into G3P
31
Where do the mass in a plant come from*
Water
32
4 stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis Intermediate reaction Krebs cycle ETC/ chemiosmosis
33
Glycolysis where
Cytoplasm
34
What happens
Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules using ATP and enzymes
35
Equation cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 makes 6Co2 + 6H2O + 36-38ATP
36
Equation glycolysis
C6h12o6 + ADP + Nad+ makes 2 pyruvates 2ATP + 2 NADH Pyruvate sent to intermediate reaction NADH sent to etc
37
Intermediate reaction what happens
Pyruvate is made into acetic acid (2c) | Coenzyme A bonds to acetic acid making acetyl coA
38
Krebs cycle where
Matrix
39
Krebs cycle what happens
Acetyl coA is broken down into co2 and the energy released is used to generate NADH and FADH2
40
Krebs cycle equation
Acetyl coA + FAD+ NAD+ makes 4 CO2 + h2O+ 4 ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2
41
Intermediate reaction equation
2 pyruvate makes 2co2 + 2 acetyl coA
42
ETC where
Inner membrane of mitochondria
43
Etc what happens
Uses Nadh and fadh2 to generate ATP The NADH donates an electron to the first molecule in the chain and the first electron acceptor uses the energy to pump a hydrogen across inner membrane from matrix to inter membrane space. The on it passes the electron on making a concentration gradient and h+ leaves throu ATP synthase making ATP. When energy is used up in electron. It is passed to oxygen , the final electron acceptor. The oxygen is now negative because it received an e- and a H+ and is reduced to h2o
44
ETC equation
NADH + FADH2 + O2 makes h2o + 32-34 ATP
45
2 types of anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid fermentation alcoholic fermentation
46
Lactic acid fermentation example
Muscles..
47
Alcoholic fermentation example
Yeast. Foods.
48
Lactic acid where
Muscles liver
49
Lactic acid fermentation what happens
Instead of using the ETC, the electrons from NADH are added to pyruvic acid making lactic acid. Lactic acid is carried back to the liver and regenerated into pyruvic acid
50
Alcohol fermentation
Makes bread beer wine
51
How many ATP are actually produced in glycolysis
4
52
How many net ATP are produced in glycolysis
2
53
How many total ATP are produced I aerobic respiration
36-38
54
Final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
Oxygen
55
Cellular respiration diagram
Aw man
56
What is energy
The capacity to do work.
57
Energy coupling
Transfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism Like energy from light reactions is used to make glucose.
58
Thermodynamics
T | Study of the transfer of energy
59
2 lAw of thermodynamics
Conservation of energy Anytime kinetic is converted to potential, energy is lost to environment (heat)
60
Why do we need energy
We use energy to do work
61
Kinetic vs potential energy
Kinetic is from motion of object Potential energy comes from the position of object
62
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes in the body
63
Why do leaves change color in the fall?
1 Temperature lowers and there is less water so the green chlorophyll die and the acessory pigments are able to be viewed 2 Light exposure there is note nought light so there is no point in chlorophyll so they die and the other pigments can be seen
64
Leaf cross section
Yay
65
Stoma function
Gas exchange
66
Guard cells function
Regulate stoma
67
Stomata 2 parts
Guard cells and stoma
68
Cuticle function
Waxy coating to protect from water loss
69
Upper and lower epidermis
Protect
70
Mesophyll
Most photosynthesis happens there because they have more chlorophyll than anywhere else
71
Palisade mesophyll
Channels light to the spongy mesophyll
72
Spongey mesophyll
Most photosynthesis happens Fill of air spaces for gas exchange
73
Vein
Transports water and nutrients
74
Pigments
``` Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Xanthophyll Carotene Anthocyanin ```
75
Chlorophyll a color
Green
76
Chlorophyll a function
Reaction center complex | Transports electrons to primary electron acceptor
77
Chlorophyll b color
Yellow green
78
Chlorophyll b function
Accessory pigment
79
Xanthophyll. Color
Yellow
80
Xanthophyll function
Accessory pigment
81
Carotene pigment color
Orange
82
Carotene function
Accessory pigment
83
Anthocynin pigment color
Red
84
Anthocynin function pigment
Accessory pigment
85
Energy coupling in ATP ADP
Hydrolysis (catabolic) makes ATP lose a P group and releases energy Dehydration synthesis (anabolic) makes ADP get a P group and energy is stored
86
Different types of work
Mechanical Transport Chemical
87
Mechanical work
Muscle...
88
Transport work
Substances across cell membrane (active transport)
89
Chemical work
Making polymers through anabolic pathways
90
Mitochondria parts!
wow
91
Granule
Idk
92
Ribosome
Nope
93
Cristae
Increase surface area for reactions
94
Inter membrane space
Makes ATP ATP synthase. Part of the ETC
95
Matrix
Krebs cycle occurs
96
Inner membrane
ETC
97
Label chloroplast
Hahahahah
98
Outer membrane
Protect
99
Inter membrane space
Ok
100
Inner membrane
Ok
101
Stroma
Mostly water Calvin cycle
102
Granum
Stacks of thykaloids Light dependent reactions
103
Thykaloids
Chlorophyll found here Light reactions
104
Lamella
Connects thykaloids
105
Lumen
Interior of thykaloids ATP synthase
106
Calorie
How much energy is in a food
107
Phosphorylated
The recipient of 3rd phosphate group
108
Our body is how efficiency
40%
109
Lactic acid fermentation what?
Glucose broken down by glycolysis to make 2 net ATP and lactic acid
110
Alcoholic fermentation wtheck?
Glucose broken down by glycolysis to make 2 net ATP and ethyl alcohol and co2 occurs I yeasts under low o2 conditions
111
C4 plants
Co2 is turned into 4c compound first Pep carboxylase is used instead of rubisco for co2 uptake But rubisco is still used for ps Faster in high temps and high light intensity and better water efficiency Stomata not open so long
112
Cam plants
Co2 turned into acid first which is stored through the night and broken down during day to give co2 to rubisco, Stomata open only at night Better water efficiency In dry places Able to idle
113
Obligate aerobe
Microbe that uses oxygen and cellular respiration
114
Obligate anaerobes
Cells harmed by oxygen Fermentation
115
Facultative aerobe
Cellular respiration or fermentation
116
Energy cycle k to p to k
Sun makes kinetic waves Plants convert it to chemical/ potential energy as glucose Humans eat plants and it stays chemical potential energy as ATP Humans use it to do mechanical and transport work and that is kinetic energy
117
Photo autotrophs
Use light to make own food
118
Leo goes ger
Lose an electron oxidized Gain an electron reduced
119
C4 example
Corn starch
120
Cam example
Cactus Succulent plants
121
Phleom
Shoots to roots Sugar
122
Xylum
Roots to shoots Water
123
Chemotrophs food source
Sulfur and ammonia

Biology Honors-Energetics Science (4 decks)

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