Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 182 > Study GUIDE > Flashcards

Study GUIDE Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What Domain of prokaryotes are the extremophiles?

A

Archaea are the extremophiles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the features that allows Archaea to be tolerant of extreme conditions?

A

membrane lipids formed with ETHER bonds.

ETHER bonds are resistant to damage by extreme conditions

ISOPRENE chains instead of fatty acid chains to build cell

posses a PROTEIN CELL WALL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria become chloroplast, they are photoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes cyanobacteria a special group of Bacteria?

A

able to photosynthesis and produce O2

common freshwater, oceans,wetlands, & soil surfaces

chloroplasts in EU

eutrophication

nitrogen fixation

generate organic compounds- antibiotics and soil stabilized

increase body diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

process where an organism receives genetic material from another organism WITHOUT being the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is HGT can be responsible for.

A

happens BETWEEN ORGANISMS (occurs in close living communities)
HGT
80% of bacterial & archaeal genes involved HGT
Bacterial Gene Transfer to protist, fungi, plants, animals
Increases genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autotrophs

A

produce organic compounds from inorganic sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

light source for energy, organic compounds from CO2 , H2O, and H2S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemolithoautotrophs

A

energy from inorganic compounds (nitrification or oxidation of sulfur, iron, or hydrogen) and Co2 as source of carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

oxidize sugar to make ATP & methane (inorganic source) for carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chemolithoheterotrophs

A

energy from inorganic source (H2S) and absorb organic molecules for carbon source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heterotrophs

A

require organic compounds from the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

light energy to generate ATP, organic compounds from environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

organic molecules for energy and carbon source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Akinetes

A

large,thick walled food-filled cells (resting state for bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endospores=

A

enclose dna and other materials in a tough coat which is released when enclosing cells died

remains alive until the right conditions arise (alive but dormant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Asexual (same) reproduction

A

based on MITOTIC cell division – daughter cell is genetically IDENTICAL to parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sexual Reproduction
(less of half)

A

bases on MEIOTIC cell division and fusion of gametes – daughter cell is genetically DIFFERENT from parent

→ results in HAPLOID CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Symbiotic association where an endosymbiont lives within a larger host species which leads to HGT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Primary Endosymbiosis

A

Heterotrophic cell captures cyanobacteria and that it did not digest (phagocytosis)

instead of digesting it incorporates it → chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

EU host cell ingests and retains an EU cell that had a primary plastid (red or green algae)
red or green algae (primary plastid) is engulfed by predatory protist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are hyphae

A

Hyphae – filaments that make up mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the term for a woven network of hyphae?

A

Mycelia (mycelium-singular)- multicellular, filamentous structure – for mating, external digestion & absorption nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ectomycorrhiza (EM)

A

form partnerships with temperate forest trees and soil fungi (basidiomycetes)

Hyphae coat tree-root surfaces and grow into spaces between tree root cells

does not go into the cells goes in between the cells

beech, oak, pine, and spruce trees will NOT GROW unless EM is PRESENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)
hyphae penetrates space between root cell and plasma membrane of plant roots and form arbuscules goes into cell highly branches arbuscules (increase sa/v) are site of nutrient exchange- fungus provides water and nutrients and plant provides organic molecules to fungus Benefits: occurs in crops, shrubs, herbaceous plants, grasslands, and tropical forests → increased drought resistance, reduce pest damage, promote seed protection, increase fitness
26
How do fungal hyphae grow?
Grow by extending tips through osmosis - water enters hyphae because cytoplasm is rich in sugars, ions,and other solutes. - Hyphal tips swells producing force necessary for extension and tiny vesicles carry enzymes (break down food) an cell wall materials (extend the tip) from Golgi
27
What are plants' most recent common ancestor?
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
28
What were the adaptations that allowed land plants to adapt to living on land?
- light and CO2 was more plentiful on land -preventing water→ production of cuticle (waxy, water tight sealant) stoma/guard sporopollenin- on spore walls (prevents spores from drying out -providing UV protection plant pigments flavonoids -Upright Growth - to avoid falling down and transport water and nutrient - vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
29
Sporophyte
diploid stage (2n) develops sporangia that produces haploid spores through meiosis starts with the fertilized egg (zygote)
30
Gametophyte
haploid stage (n) produces male and female gametes that fuse to create a diploid zygote which grows into a sporophyte through mitosis. starts with the spore
31
What is meant by alternation of generations in terms of a plant’s life cycle?
Plants’ life cycle alternates between a sexual (meiosis) phase that produces gametes and an asexual (mitosis) phases that produces spores
32
Gametophyte dominant
Bryophytes
33
Bryophytes
Vascular plants (ferns/seed plants)
34
Homosporous
(nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants) one type of spore produced from one kind of sporangium
35
Heterosporous
seed plants 2 types of spores from two different kinds of sporangia on same individual led to development of pollen grains
36
What were adaptations of bryophytes to land?
grow close to the ground Gametophyte (haploid)-dominant and longer-lived phase → Rhizoids anchor to rocks, soil, or trees.
37
What is the pattern associated with gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance as plants continued to evolve?
plants have continued to evolve from bryophytes into seed plants the gametophyte stage has become smaller and short-lived. In seed plants the sporophyte stage has become dominant
38
What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries water? In what direction does it move?
Xylem-provides support and carries water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant so it goes upward.
39
What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries food (sugars and nutrients)? In what direction does it move?
Phloem- composed of sieve tubes that conveys watery sap containing organic molecules (sugar) through plants. It moves up and down
40
What is a seed
Seeds (endosperm- nutritive seed tissue) - help embryo grow to a seedling
41
what is a seeds evolutionary advantage?
Seed (vascular plants) allowed for delayed germination until favorable environmental conditions and makes it possible so that it can reproduce without water 
42
Be able to explain the characteristics of the ovule.
integument- protective layer and prevent desiccation Micropyle: small opening in integument where fertilization takes place Ovule: megasporangium Benefits dispersed as diploid sporophyte ready to germinate delayed germination until condition are favorable
43
Parts of the ovule.
embryo (2N) new sporophyte Endosperm (N) food supply female gametophyte tissue Seed coat protects and prevents desiccation no need for water
44
What is a flower
Flowers are reproductive organ systems of flowering plant  Flowers- reproductive organs- foster seed and pollen production 
45
What are the 4 whorls of a flower?
calyx: all the sepals protect the flower bud corolla: all the pedals colorful and attract pollinators stamen: male parts of the flower produce & disperse pollen carpel: female parts of the flower contain ovules and develop into fruit after fertilization
46
What is double fertilization and the structures involved in angiosperms?
Double fertilization one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other fuses with 2 gametophyte nuclei to form the first endosperm cell. responsible for formation of the embryo and its food source in the seed
47
Monocots
1 Cotyledons: stores nutrients scattered throughout stem Vascular Tissue ( xylem+phloem) parallel veins Veins: moves nutrients to water petals in multiples of 3 Root System multiple roots from base fibrous root system Examples Tulips Corn Grasses Palms Lily
48
Dicots
2 Cotyledons: stores nutrients circular arrangement instem Vascular Tissue ( xylem+phloem) branching veins Veins: moves nutrients to water petals in multiples of 4 or 5 Root System taproot system -  lateral branch roots Examples Bear Roses Butter Cups Asters Oaks
49
What ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds?
The ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds is haploid
50
What is a fruit? 
Fruits (ovary) - develop from flowers and disperse seeds
51
What do plants use as strategies of animal pollination? And what animals are attracted to these strategies?
Flower - have flower tubes - accumulates nectar pollinators shaped for specific pollinator - mutualistic relationship Aster- only butterflies can reach their tongues in there Cactus- have white flowers that can be seen at night by bats which pollinate them Rodents like mice can be attracted to the flowers that drink the nectar with their tongue getting pollen all over one plant to another Some flowers also correspond to beak shape like ones that hummingbirds are attracted to
52
What are the 3 main organ systems?
leaves (photosynthesis) shoot/stem (produce leaves, branches, reproductive structures) roots (take in water and nutrients)
53
Epidermal Dermal Tissue
outer covering protection from water loss, herbivores, and disease → cuticle: waxy covering reduce evaporation and inhibit microorganism → root hairs: increase sa/v absorb nutrients and water → guard cells: on either side of stoma provide passage for CO2, Oxygen, and H2O → Periderm: wood plant provide protection and support
54
Vascular Tissue
vessels throughout plant xylem (transport material throughout plant) phloem (“ “) vascular bundles: organization of primary vascular tissues → xylem- conducts water and dissolved nutrients from root system in one direction Tracheids Vessels elements- only in angiosperms→ cells die at maturity, no cytoplasm, lignan → phloem: conducts sugar, amino acids, hormones, and other substances in 2 directions: from roots to shoots and shoots to roots angiosperms sieve- tube elements companion cell
55
Ground Tissue
photosynthesis, storage, and support Parenchyma- thin walled: store starch in chloroplast Collenchyma- flexible cells allow stem to flex in the wind Sclerenchyma- tough-walled that provide strength and protection
56
What is primary growth in plants? Where does it always happen?
Primary Growth→ extended length of stem and root from apical meristems. It always happens in the apical meristems this is the area of cell division at tip of shoot or root
57
The apical meristem gives rise to what 3 primary meristems? In turn each of these three primary meristems give rise to which tissue systems?
Protoderm gives rise to Epidermis Ground Meristem gives rise to Ground Tissue Procambium gives right to the primary xylem and primary phloem
58
What is secondary growth in plants? From where does this type of growth take place?
Secondary Growth- increases stem/root width from lateral (secondary) meristems This happens in the vascular cambium and cork cambium
59
What are the two lateral meristems in plants?
Vascular cambium- forms between xylem & phloem in a cylinder secondary xylem : wood secondary phloem : inner bark Cork Cambium (periderm) produces cork (outer bark) → dead when mature
60
What is the purpose of roots?
absorb water & nutrients anchor the plants in soil store nutrients
61
three Domains of life
Three Domains of Life: Bacteria (left) , Archaea(middle) , Eukarya(right)
62
How are the 3 domains related to each other?
archaea and Eukarya DIVERGED from a more recent common ancestor than with bacteria. Bacteria and Archaea are MONOPHYLETIC

Bio 182 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions