Study Guide

Question 1

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

Answer 1

Helicase

Helicase is crucial for separating the two strands of DNA for replication.

Question 2

During DNA replication, in which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new strand?

Answer 2

5 to 3

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing strand in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 3

True or False: DNA replication is a semi-conservative process.

Answer 3

True

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 4

What role does the enzyme DNA primase play in DNA replication?

Answer 4

It synthesizes RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis

RNA primers are necessary for DNA polymerase to start adding DNA nucleotides.

Question 5

What is the function of the enzyme DNA ligase in DNA replication?

Answer 5

It seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments

DNA ligase is essential for joining the fragments on the lagging strand.

Question 6

Which molecule is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Answer 6

tRNA

tRNA carries the specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the codons of mRNA.

Question 7

What is the name of the process in which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template?

Answer 7

Transcription

Question 8

During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of three nucleotides called codons.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Describe the role of ribosomal RNA
(TRNA) in protein synthesis.

Answer 9

…

Question 10

The first amino acid in a newly synthesized polypeptide is always:

Answer 10

Methionine

Question 11

What is the significance of the start codon during translation

Answer 11

…

Question 12

In which part of the cell does translation occur?

Answer 12

Ribosomes

Question 13

During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes the mRNA strand in the 3’ to 5’

Answer 13

False

Question 14

How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell after meiosis I in humans?

Answer 14

23 chromosomes

Question 15

Which process during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes

Answer 15

Crossing over

Question 16

Meiosis results in four genetically identical daughter cells.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

Answer 17

….

Question 18

At the end of meiosis II, how many daughter cells are produced and how many chromosomes do they each have?

Answer 18

4-23 chromosomes each

Question 19

In which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

Answer 19

Anaphase 1

Question 20

Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?

Answer 20

…

Question 21

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

Answer 21

Cytoplasm

Question 22

Which of the following is produced in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)?

Answer 22

NADH and FADH2

Question 23

What is the main product of cellular respiration?

Answer 23

ATP

Question 24

Which of these occurs in the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Answer 24

Oxygen is used to form water

Question 25

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Answer 25

Oxygen

Question 26

Which of the following is an anaerobic process?

Answer 26

Glycosis

Question 27

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 27

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, anaerobic does not.

Question 28

Which molecule is directly used to power cellular processes?

Answer 28

ATP

Question 29

During which stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP generated?

Answer 29

Electron Transport Chain

Question 30

What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?

Answer 30

it carries electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 31

Which part of the ATP molecule stores energy?

Answer 31

Phosphate bonds

Question 32

How does ATP release energy

Answer 32

By breaking the bond between ribose and phosphate

Question 33

How is ATP regenerated in cells?

Answer 33

By cellular respiration

Question 34

Which process does NOT produce ATP?

Answer 34

Photosynthesis

Question 35

How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration (aerobic)?

Answer 35

38

Question 36

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

Answer 36

Chloroplast

Question 37

Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

Answer 37

Glucose

Question 38

What is the primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

Answer 38

To convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

Question 39

Which of these is required for photosynthesis to occur?

Answer 39

Sunlight

Question 40

What happens during the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions)?

Answer 40

ATP and NADPH are used to produce glucose.

Question 41

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Answer 41

To absorb sunlight and convert it into chemical energy

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions?

Answer 42

Glucose

Question 43

Which process produces oxygen as a byproduct?

Answer 43

Photosynthesis

Question 44

In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place?

Answer 44

Stroma

Question 45

What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?

Answer 45

convert light energy into chemical energy

Question 46

What is the 10% rule in energy transfer between trophic levels?

Answer 46

Only 10% of energy is passed to the next trophic level, the rest is lost as heat.

Question 47

Which organisms are primary consumers in a food chain?

Answer 47

Herbivores

Question 48

What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

Answer 48

To ensure that each daughter cell gets a full set of chromosomes

Question 49

What structure is responsible for pulling the sister chromatids apart during mitosis?

Answer 49

Spindle fibers

Question 50

At the end of mitosis, how many chromosomes are found in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell?

Answer 50

The same number of chromosomes

Question 51

What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?

Answer 51

The cell grows and carries out its normal functions.

Question 52

Which of the following processes does NOT require energy (ATP)?

Answer 52

Facilitated diffusion

Question 53

Which of the following best describes osmosis?

Answer 53

The movement of water molecules from high to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

Question 54

What is the result of placing an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 54

The cell will swell and possibly burst

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a type of macromolecule?

Answer 55

Vitamins

Question 56

Which of the following is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 56

Amino acids

Question 57

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information in cells?

Answer 57

Nucleus acids

Question 58

What type of bond connects the monomers in a protein?

Answer 58

Peptide bonds

Question 59

Which of the following macromolecules is insoluble in water due to its hydrophobic nature?

Answer 59

Lipids