STUDY GUIDE

Question 1

What are the six functions of bone?

Answer 1

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Blood Cell Production, Fat Storage.

Question 2

Which bone cell produces bone?

Answer 2

Osteoblasts.

Question 3

Which bone cell is in a mature, resting state?

Answer 3

Osteocytes.

Question 4

Which bone cell degrades bone?

Answer 4

Osteoclasts.

Question 5

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Answer 5

Diaphysis.

Question 6

What is the end of a long bone called?

Answer 6

Epiphysis.

Question 7

What is the inner lining of bone?

Answer 7

Endosteum.

Question 8

What is the outer fibrous covering of bone?

Answer 8

Periosteum.

Question 9

What is the hollow cavity inside a long bone?

Answer 9

Medullary canal.

Question 10

What is the area of cartilage where bone growth occurs?

Answer 10

Epiphyseal growth plate.

Question 11

What is the smooth cartilage covering joint surfaces?

Answer 11

Articular cartilage.

Question 12

What are the two types of bone marrow and their functions?

Answer 12

Red (blood cell production) and Yellow (fat storage).

Question 13

Which type of cartilage is most common and where is it found?

Answer 13

Hyaline cartilage; joints, nose, trachea.

Question 14

Which type of cartilage is the strongest and where is it found?

Answer 14

Fibrocartilage; intervertebral discs, menisci.

Question 15

Which type of cartilage is the most flexible and where is it found?

Answer 15

Elastic cartilage; ear, epiglottis.

Question 16

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 16

Skull, vertebral column, ribcage.

Question 17

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 17

Limbs, pelvis, shoulder girdle.

Question 18

Is the femur part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Answer 18

Appendicular.

Question 19

What are the four bone types based on shape?

Answer 19

Flat, Long, Short, Irregular.

Question 20

Give an example of a flat bone.

Answer 20

Ribs.

Question 21

Give an example of a long bone.

Answer 21

Femur.

Question 22

Give an example of a short bone.

Answer 22

Carpals.

Question 23

Give an example of an irregular bone.

Answer 23

Vertebrae.

Question 24

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

Answer 24

Osteon.

Question 25

What is the functional unit of spongy bone?

Answer 25

Trabecula.

Question 26

Where is compact bone found?

Answer 26

Diaphysis of long bones.

Question 27

Where is spongy bone found?

Answer 27

Epiphyses and vertebrae.

Question 28

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 28

Intramembranous and Endochondral.

Question 29

What type of ossification forms flat bones?

Answer 29

Intramembranous.

Question 30

What type of ossification forms long bones?

Answer 30

Endochondral.

Question 31

What percentage of bone is organic vs. inorganic?

Answer 31

Organic: 30-40%, Inorganic: 60-70%.

Question 32

What is the organic component of bone?

Answer 32

Collagen fibers.

Question 33

Where does lengthwise bone growth occur?

Answer 33

Epiphyseal plates.

Question 34

Where does appositional growth occur?

Answer 34

Periosteum.

Question 35

At what age does the epiphyseal plate close in females?

Answer 35

~18 years.

Question 36

At what age does the epiphyseal plate close in males?

Answer 36

~21 years.

Question 37

What does Wolff’s Law state?

Answer 37

Bone adapts to stress.

Question 38

Which hormone builds bone?

Answer 38

Calcitonin.

Question 39

Which hormone breaks down bone?

Answer 39

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).

Question 40

What are the four stages of bone repair?

Answer 40

Hematoma Formation, Fibrocartilaginous Callus, Bony Callus, Bone Remodeling.

Question 41

What are the three causes of fractures?

Answer 41

Trauma, Stress, Pathological.

Question 42

What is a simple fracture?

Answer 42

A fracture where the bone does not break the skin.

Question 43

What is a compound fracture?

Answer 43

A fracture where the bone pierces the skin.

Question 44

What is a comminuted fracture?

Answer 44

A fracture where the bone breaks into multiple pieces.

Question 45

What do ligaments connect?

Answer 45

Bone to bone.

Question 46

What do tendons connect?

Answer 46

Muscle to bone.

Question 47

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 47

7.

Question 48

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 48

12.

Question 49

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Answer 49

5.

Question 50

What movement does the atlas (C1) allow?

Answer 50

Nodding 'yes.'

Question 51

What movement does the axis (C2) allow?

Answer 51

Rotation ('no' motion).

Question 52

What causes rickets?

Answer 52

Vitamin D deficiency.

Question 53

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 53

Bone loss leading to fractures.

Question 54

What are fontanelles composed of?

Answer 54

Fibrous tissue.

Question 55

When do fontanelles close?

Answer 55

18-24 months.

Question 56

How many true ribs are there?

Answer 56

7.

Question 57

How many false ribs are there?

Answer 57

3.

Question 58

How many floating ribs are there?

Answer 58

2.

Question 59

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 59

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial.

Question 60

What type of joint is the elbow?

Answer 60

Hinge joint.

Question 61

What type of joint is the shoulder?

Answer 61

Ball-and-socket joint.

Question 62

What type of joint is the thumb?

Answer 62

Saddle joint.

Question 63

What is abduction?

Answer 63

Movement away from midline.

Question 64

What is adduction?

Answer 64

Movement toward midline.

Question 65

What is flexion?

Answer 65

Decreasing the angle of a joint.

Question 66

What is extension?

Answer 66

Increasing the angle of a joint.