Study Guide 3 (7-9) Flashcards
Information processing
Implicit memories: Unconscious memory (knowing where the kitchen is)
Explicit memories: Memories we can talk about (being able to say where the kitchen is)
Your implicit memories include automatic skills, like knowing how to ride a bike.
Sensory, short term, long term, working memory (know each including duration and capacity)
Sensory: Huge capacity, measured in milliseconds. Holds all information from sensory systems.
Short Term: Smaller capacity, shorter duration. We remember 7 (plus or minus 2) bits of information so we group them together.
Long Term: Infinite capacity and duration. Information can be added.
Working memory: Links new experiences with long term memories.
Spacing effect
Distributed practice or study. You retain information better you space your study with reviewing time later.
Misinformation effect
When information received after an event changes the memory for the event. Changing how someone thought of their dog by telling them a false story of their dog.
Meaningful encoding
We can avoid encoding errors (not allowing information to go to long term) by attaching meaningful terms to it.
Deja ve
We experience familiarity without conscious recall and it feels like you’ve been in the exact situation before.
Serial position effect
You remember information at the beginning (primacy effect) of a list and the very end (recency effect) but not the middle.
Positive transfer
Old and new information that matches and is added together.
Recognition vs. recall
Recall: retrieving information out of storage and into conscious awareness.
Recognition: identification items you’ve previously learned.
As you age, the number of words you recognize is pretty stable, but the number of words you can recall declines with age.
Types of interference
Interference is when new and old information gets mixed up.
Proactive interference: older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information (trying to remember a new password because you think of your old one).
Retroactive interference: new learning disrupts your memory of older information (someone sings new lyrics to old song, you can’t remember original).
Parallel processing
Processing many stimulus or problems at the same time.
Encoding and retrieval failure
Encoding: when memory is put into long term. Failure is when it wasn’t
Retrieval failure: It is out of reach and we don’t have enough information to retrieve it.
Echoic and iconic memory
Iconic: Flashing picture of a memory
Echoic: Echoing sound a of a memory
Implicit vs. explicit memory
Implicit: Unconscious memory, automatic. You know how to ride a bike.
Explicit: Memories we can talk about, effortful. You remember learning how to ride a bike.
Chunking
We can only remember 7 (plus or minus 2) bits of information at a time, so we chunk things together. I turn 801 from three bits of information into one, the Utah country area code.
Grit
Motivation and drive. It takes grit and talents to be successful. 10 year rule, 11,000 hours of practice.
Eugenics
Discriminatory 19th and 20th century, proposed measuring human traits and encouraging those that deemed fit to reproduce. Belief that genes give color, hair, and eye shape.
Grammar
Chomsky’s idea that everyone is born with an ability to learn language and grammar like birds learning to fly, and that’s why children are so good at it.
WAIS and its subscales
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; broken down into:
- Similarities (commonality of two objects, in what ways are wool and cotton alike)
- Vocabulary (naming objects and defining words)
- Block design (visual abstract processing, make one block out of four blocks)
- Letter-number sequencing (repeating series of numbers and letters and changing the order)
Normal curve
Also called a bell curve, you can see extremes of both sides of a group. Study the people on the high and low side of intelligence test scores.
Deprived environment and intellectual development
Deprived environment: A child develops responses to their environment and how much control they have, this creates a lot of who they are.
Intellectual development disorder: apparent before age 18 with a known physical cause. Down syndrome is one, people with an extra chromosome.
Creativity and Robert Sternberg
Creativity has five ingredients:
1. Expertise (solid knowledge base)
2. Imaginative thinking skills (recognize patterns, make connections)
3. Venturesome personality (seeks new experiences, tolerates gray areas, takes risks, stays focused)
4. Intrinsic motivation (internal rewards, driven by pleasure and challenge of work)
5. Creative environment (minimized stress and focused awareness, not too many distractions).
Binet and Simon intelligence test and reasons for developing it
They developed the intelligence test to find mental ages which would help children who struggle with age-appropriate schoolwork.
Broca’s Area
French physician Paul, damage to Broca’s area (area in the frontal lobe) would cause a person to struggle to speak, but sing familiar songs with ease.
