Study guide

Question 1

True or false: in vaccination, both antibody and T cell responses seem to depend on the innate immune system.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Immunity aquired through passive immunotherapy is best described by what statement?

Answer 2

Transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

Question 3

What are examples of a transfer of antibodies from an immune individual?

Answer 3

breast milk to baby
placenta to fetus
injection of antisera (horse or human)

Question 4

Does vaccination always ensure immunity?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

What must occur in order to develop immunity?

Answer 5

B cells and T cells against the pathogen must develop

Question 6

What is immunization?

Answer 6

the process of eliciting a long-lived state of protective immunity against a disease-causing pathogen

Question 7

In active immunization how can effectiveness be checked?

Answer 7

checking antibody titers

Question 8

In order to produce memory kiiller T cells with a vaccine, what must be true?

Answer 8

the infected cell must present antigen on MHC I

Question 9

In order to produce a memory helper T cell, what must be true?

Answer 9

antigen presenting protein must present an antigen on MHC II

Question 10

In order to produce a memory B cell, what must be true?

Answer 10

antigen coming to a secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood

Question 11

Most vaccines are believed to confer protection through what mechanism?

Answer 11

neutralizing complement

Question 12

Adjuvants may trigger autoimmune responses, but won’t lead to autoimmune diseases. True or False?

Answer 12

false

Question 13

What are the classifications of vaccines?

Answer 13

subunit
toxoid
CHO
conjugate

Question 14

What is the most common adjuvent in human vaccines?

Answer 14

aluminum

Question 15

What are non-infectious vaccines designed to do?

Answer 15

not to infect the host

Question 16

What happens when a non-infectious vaccine is introduced into the body?

Answer 16

B cells make antibodies that bind to the toxin and weaken the real attack

Question 17

Tetanus vaccine is an example of what kind of vaccine?

Answer 17

toxoid

Question 18

Transfer of preformed antibodies from mother to fetus can confer what type of immunity?

Answer 18

passive

Question 19

Recovery from a disease always leads to immunity.

Answer 19

false

Question 20

Why doesn’t getting a disease mean you’re immune to it?

Answer 20

because some pathogens can mutate rapidly or they can cause a persistent or latent infection

Question 21

What is an example of a pathogen that can become latent that we went over in class?

Answer 21

HIV

Question 22

What are the examples of non-infectious vaccines?

Answer 22

Diptheria and Tetanus

Question 23

Which cytokine is anti-inflammatory?

Answer 23

IL-10

Question 24

Describe how a carrier vaccine works

Answer 24

introduce a single gene from a pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn’t cause disease
the carrier infects the host’s antigen presenting proteins
the pathogenic microbe protein fragments are presented on MHC I molecules

Question 25

What types of cells are produced with a carrier vaccine?

Answer 25

memory B, memory helper T, memory killer T

Question 26

When people are injected with crude versions of allergies, what eventually happens?

Answer 26

``` the B cells seem to class switch from IgE to another antibody class like IgG repeated injections may generate iTregs which produce cytokines that suppress IgE production ```

Question 27

The yellow fever vaccine activates toll like receptors on killer T cells.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

In an allergic response, the following cells contribute to the response in what order from slowest to fastest?

Answer 28

eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

Question 29

Where are mast cells stationed when associating with immediate allergic reactions?

Answer 29

tissues

Question 30

Where are basophils stationed when associating with immediage allergic response? How?

Answer 30

blood by signals given off by mast cells

Question 31

What do basophils and mast cells bind to during an immediate allergic response? What results?

Answer 31

IgE, results in crosslinking of Fc receptors that causes degranulation

Question 32

What do the Th cells do during an allergic response?

Answer 32

secrete IL-5 which can recruit many eosinophils from the bone marrow

Question 33

Where are eosinophils located?

Answer 33

bone marrow

Question 34

Contact with soil microbes early in life is thought to be associated with what?

Answer 34

Shift to Th-1 bias

Question 35

What environmental factors can help shift to a Th-1 bias in children?

Answer 35

grow up on farms, older siblings, owning a dog, etc.

Question 36

It has been observed that autoimmune diseases frequently follow what event?

Answer 36

infections

Question 37

Why can infections lead to autoimmune diseases?

Answer 37

molecular mimicry

Question 38

Why don't people get autoimmune diseases before the infection?

Answer 38

affinity of receptors is too low to trigger activation or | restricted traffic pattern of naive lymphocytes never brought them into contact

Question 39

What is molecular mimicry?

Answer 39

lymphocytes have receptors that recognize their cognate antigen on the microbe, the receptor could cross react with a self antigen causing an autoimmune disease

Question 40

What is associated with aluminum intake?

Answer 40

anemia, inflammation

Question 41

How does aluminum lead to anemia?

Answer 41

aluminum disrupts iron homeostasis which causes free iron release this can lead to increased ROS and hepcidin decreased hepcidin leads to a decrease in GI iron intake and decreased GI iron release from cells this causes anemia

Question 42

Which disease is most commonly vaccinated for in this day and age?

Answer 42

rotavirus

Question 43

How can we prevent children from getting rotavirus?

Answer 43

reccommend they get breastfed and are not put in a day care until they are a little older

Question 44

Is there a treatment for rotavirus?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

What is the vaccine type for rotavirus?

Answer 45

infectious live vaccine

Question 46

Is a stool test usually done when testing for rotavirus?

Answer 46

no

Question 47

In HIV, what allows the virus to evade immune system defenses?

Answer 47

high mutation rate

Question 48

What happens if there is a non-functional CD40 or CD40L?

Answer 48

B cells are unable to class switch and secrete mainly IgM

Question 49

What disease can occur if there is a mutation that affects the formation and function of the thymus?

Answer 49

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 50

What is SCIDs?

Answer 50

Severe Immunodeficiency Syndrome neither B or T cells function because of a defect in the protein that initiates gene splicing required to produce B cell receptors and T cell receptors

Question 51

How is HIV-1 able to defeat the immune system?

Answer 51

it takes a viral enzyme (reverse transcriptase) and makes a copy of DNA that is inserted into the host DNA and it can sit there undetected by CTLs

Question 52

How long does it take HIV-1 to invade?

Answer 52

5-10 days

Question 53

Measles outbreaks have occurred in highly vaccinated populations.

Answer 53

true

Question 54

What kind of immunity does vaccines create?

Answer 54

leaky herd immunity

Question 55

The majority of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis will not develop an active TB infection in their lifetime

Answer 55

True

Question 56

How is tuberculosis contracted?

Answer 56

airborne infection (microdroplets)

Question 57

What should happen when mycobacterium tuberculosis is inhaled?

Answer 57

the organism is engulfed by alveolar macrophges into a phagosome which fuses to a lysozome to destory the organism

Question 58

What is an example of an acute, potentially life-threatening complication of an infection that can lead to multiple organ failure?

Answer 58

Sepsis

Question 59

When does sepsis occur?

Answer 59

when chemicals that are released into the bloodstream to fight the infection end up triggering inflammation throughout the body

Question 60

What happens during septic shock?

Answer 60

blood pressure drops dramatically, which can lead to death

Question 61

What is the treatment for sepsis?

Answer 61

antibiotics and lots of IV fluids early on improves survival rate

Question 62

A single gene mutation can cause immunodeficiency. True or false?

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Which immune cell has never been shown to have an antitumor effect?

Answer 63

Mast cells

Question 64

Which immune cell has never been shown to have tumor promoting effects?

Answer 64

NK cells

Question 65

What is it about the human immunodeficiency virus that allows it to successfully evade our immune system?

Answer 65

High mutation rate

Question 66

If a particular genetic defect has never been observed in humans, what would you conclude?

Answer 66

it is lethal

Question 67

What immune cells are quick acting, recognize divserse target structures, and in vitro have been shown to destroy some cancer cells?

Answer 67

macrophages, NK cells, Killer T cells (CTLs take time to act)

Question 68

What is the function of RAG-2 protein?

Answer 68

Necessary to assemble both B and T cell receptors

Question 69

In humans with cancer, higher lymphocyte counts associated with tumors are associated with longer survival.True or false?

Answer 69

true

Question 70

What is a common cause of cancer?

Answer 70

mulitple mutations and a viral infection

Question 71

What is an eample of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 71

hemolytic anemia

Question 72

What hypersensitivity has an inflamatory compnent and is associated with antibody-antigen immune complexes?

Answer 72

Type III

Question 73

What is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 73

poison ivy, Chron's disease

Question 74

What is an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 74

lupus erythematosus

Question 75

What hypersensitivity is associated with IgE?

Answer 75

type I

Question 76

What hypersensitivity is associated with IgG and IgM?

Answer 76

types II and III

Question 77

What hypersensitivity is T cell mediated?

Answer 77

type IV

Question 78

When stimulated, this nerve can shut down inflammation by inhibiting cytokine release from macrophges.

Answer 78

Vagus nerve

Question 79

What is the cource of acetylcholine that binds to macrophges in the spleen, attenuating the cytokine release associated with inflammation?

Answer 79

Chat + T cells in the spleen

Question 80

Most flus aren't caused by the influenza organism. True or false?

Answer 80

true

Question 81

Vagal nerve stimulation improved survival in mice with peritonitis associated with perforation of intestines. True or False?

Answer 81

true

Question 82

Animals deficient in what are exquisitely sensitive to inflammatory challenges because they overproduce cytokines?

Answer 82

vagal nerve activity | nicotinic receptors

Question 83

An increase in heart rate variability is associated with what?

Answer 83

increased parasympathetic tone

Question 84

Cell migration within secondary lymphoid organs is controlled in part by neural signals. True or false?

Answer 84

true

Question 85

What does a genetic mutation disrupt that could lead to cancer?

Answer 85

proteins that repair mutated DNA, which could lead to a marked rise in accumulated mutations

Question 86

Why have NK cells never been shown to have tumor promoting effects?

Answer 86

because as soon as the NK cell recognizes unusual surface molecules and low levels of MHC I, it kills it off before they can do anything

Question 87

Where do most NK cells reside?

Answer 87

blood

Question 88

Why does a type II hypersensitivity lead to hemolytic anemia?

Answer 88

antibodies can bind to carbs or proteins that are present on RBCs, this causes the RBC to be phagycytized and once the compliment is fixed, RBCs are lysed

Question 89

Vagal nerve stimulation stimulates the release of what?

Answer 89

cytokines, eicosanoids, DAMPs, PAMPs

Question 90

Heart rate variability is inversely correlated with the risk of what diseases?

Answer 90

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hpertension, dyslipidemia

Question 91

Increased heart rate variability is positively correlated with what?

Answer 91

longevity in cencer, better cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease

Question 92

What can macrophges secrete?

Answer 92

TNF, IL-1, IL-18, HMGB1

Question 93

Once the efferent vagus nerve leaves the brain, what does it do?

Answer 93

synapses on the celiac ganglion

Question 94

Where does the splenic neuron run from and to?

Answer 94

from the celiac ganglion to the spleen

Question 95

What kind of neuron is the splenic neuron?

Answer 95

adrenergic

Question 96

What is realeased form the splenic neuron and what does it do?

Answer 96

norepinephrine, stimulates T cells

Question 97

What does the T cell use to activate the macrophge?

Answer 97

acetylcholine