study guide Flashcards
1
Q
anterior closes
A
9-18 months
2
Q
posterior closes
A
4-8 weeks
3
Q
teething starts
A
6 months
4
Q
average weight gain per week in infant
A
5-7 ounces
5
Q
birth weight doubles?
birth weight triples?
A
6 months
1 year
6
Q
weight gain per week in toddler
A
4-6 lbs
7
Q
height change / year in toddler
A
2 inches per year
8
Q
birth weight quaruples when
A
2 years
9
Q
12-36 months
A
toddler
10
Q
3-5 years
A
preschool
11
Q
average weight for preschool / year
A
5 lbs
12
Q
height change / year in preschool
A
2 1/2-3 inches
13
Q
school age
A
6-12
14
Q
11-14
A
adolescence
15
Q
weight gain / year in school age
A
3-5 lbs
16
Q
height / year in school age
A
1 1/2-2 inches
17
Q
weight for girls in adolescence
A
15-55 lbs
18
Q
age of puberty
A
girls: 12
boys: 14
19
Q
infant hand grasps
A
3 months
20
Q
head lag
A
o Competes at 1 month
o Partial at 2 months
o No lag at 4 months
21
Q
crawling
A
6-7 months
22
Q
creeping
A
9 months
23
Q
object permance
A
by end of first year
24
Q
walking with assistance
A
11 months
25
walking alone
12 months
26
running
18 months
27
2 block tower
15 months
28
6-7 block tower
2 years
29
use spoon right
18 months
30
use fork
3 years
31
lose baby teeth
during school age
32
1 word sentences
1-2 years
33
2-3 word sentences, repeat
2-3 years
34
3000-4000 words, simple sentences
3 year
35
trust vs mistrust
infant stage
36
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddler stage
37
initiate vs guilt
preschool stage
38
industry vs inferiority
school age
39
identity vs. role confusion
adolescent stage
40
dark, being left alone, animals, ghosts, objects/persons associated with pain, technique of desensitization to overcome fears
toddler/preschool years
41
```
o Children’s “work”
o Child’s “developmental workshop”
o As therapeutic intervention
o As stress reliever for child and family
o As pain reliever, distracter
o As barometer of illness
```
purpose of play
42
parallel play from solitary and imagination
toddler play
43
imitates, imagination, dramatic play (from media, imaginary friends)
preschool play
44
rules and rituals, team play, reading, form groups
school age play
45
getting enough calories, but not protein
| lots of edema
Kwashiorkor
46
overall malnutrition
| very skinny with protruding belly
marasmus
47
o Explain what, how and why
o Be consistant (don’t smile when doing painful procedures)
o Allow them to touch and cry
toddler/preschool communication
48
o Want explainations – why? Questions
| o Interested in function
school age communiction
49
o Be honest
o Privacy needs
o Importance of peers
o Confidentiality of great importance
adolescent communication
50
o Assess the victim
-CPR, VS, etc.
o Terminate the exposure
-Poison out of mouth, flush eyes, flush skin, fresh air
o Identify the poison
-Question victim and witness, environmental clues, call poison control center
o Prevent poison absorption
-Prevent aspiration, administer antidote, gastric lavage
order of treatment for poisoning
51
o Burning pain in mouth, throat, and stomach
o White swollen mucous membrane
o Violent vomiting
o Drooling and inability to clear secretions
o Shock
o Anxiety and agitation
symptoms of poisoning
52
Treat blood lead levels 10ug/dl and above.
For levels 45-69ug/dl use Chelation Therapy.
• Must monitor urine output during chelation therapy
treatment for lead poisoning
53
NGOR in mouth
| Flush with saline, aspirate stomach contents
gastric lavage treatment
54
Given as loading dose
| 17 maintenance dose every 4 hours
mucomyst treatment
55
o Rash in three stages:
1. “Slapped face” appearance disappears between 1 and 4 days
2. Maculopapular rash on extremities; lasts 7 days or more
3. Rash subsides but reappears if skin irritated or traumatized by heat, cold, friction, etc.
viral infection
agent: human parvovirus
erythema infectiosum (5th disease)
56
Incubation: 5-15 days
Persistent high fever for 3-4 days; otherwise appears well
After fever subsides, rash appears
Rash first on trunk, then face and extremities
viral
agent: human herpes virus 6
comp: febrile seizures
roseola
57
Source: secretions; droplet transmission
Incubation period: 10-20 days; communicability from 4 days before to 5 days after appearance of rash
Koplik spots (tiny white spots inside the mouth) appear 2 days before rash
viral
agent: rubeola virus
rubeola (measles)
58
Transmitted via droplet or direct contact
Incubation period: 14-21 days
Fever, headache, malaise, followed by parotitis
May cause orchitis and meningoencephalitis
presence of the swollen glands, fever, muscle aches, fatigue, anorexia
viral
agent: paramyxocirus
comp: orchitis
mumps
59
Transmission: droplet or direct contact
Incubation period: 6-20 days
crowing or “whoop” sound
Violent and rapid coughing
Complications: pneumonia (usual cause of death)
bacterial: erythromycin, zithromax
agent: bordetella pertussis
<18 months need supervision
pertussis (whopping cough)
60
Transmission: direct contact or indirect contact with article freshly contaminated with nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, stool, or urine
Incubation period: 14-21 days
Complications: rare; greatest danger is teratogenic effect on fetus
agent: rubella
viral
usually after mild ear infection
rubella (german measles)
61
Transmission: droplet or direct contact
Incubation period: 1-7 days
Complications: carditis, peritonsillar abscess, glomerulonephritis
agent: group A hemolytic srep
scarlet fever and strep throat
62
```
Ascariasis (common roundworm)
Hookworm
Strongyloidiasis (threadworm)
Giardiasis: caused by protozoan
• Caused by ingesting the parasite.
• Positive stool cultures
• Antibiotic that kills intestinal worms
```
intestinal parasitic
63
Agent: variable, can be viral or bacterial
Transmission: direct contact
Incubation period: depends on the infection
Complications: usually no long lasting complications
o Symptoms
Pink/red color to sclera
Swelling of conjunctiva
Tearing
Purulent discharge
Matting of eyes during sleep
conjunctivitis
64
```
Agent: enterovirus group (most common = coxsackie virus)
Transmission: direct contact
Incubation: 4-6 days
o Symptoms
Fever
Sore throat
Sores in mouth
Flat red rash to hands, feet, buttocks
```
hand foot and mouth
65
o ISOLATION AS ORDERED
o MEDICATIONS (ANTIHISTAMINES, ANALGESICS, ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIVIRALS)
o REST, QUIET
o ENCOURAGE FLUIDS
o EDUCATION ON PREVENTION AND POST INFECTION COMPLICATIONS
nursing interventions
66
```
o Peak of crying
o Unexpected
o Resists soothing
o Pain like face
o Long lasting
o eveing
```
purple questions
67
< 100 days - 2 week infant (neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale)
-2-2: 2 being high, 0 being neutral
Crying irritability, behavior state, facial expression, extremities tone, vitals (HR, RR, BP, o2)
NPASS
68
> 100 days – down syndrome, 12 years old (non verbal/special needs) 3 or higher!
Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability
Scale 0-2: 2 being highest
FLACC
69
5 years or older - normal health
FACES
70
12 years - normal health
NUMBERS
71
pain scale of 3-4 or high needs intervention and 30-60 min reassess
• assess pain (part of VS)
• listen to parents/child
nonpharmacologic management
• distraction, relaxation, guided imagery, cutaneous stimulation, coping strategies, sucking, kangaroo, swaddling (all independent nursing functions)
complementary pain medicine
• biological based, like food, vitamins, manipulation (massage), hypnosis, magnetic, energy based (reiki, alternative medication like acupuncture)
pharmacologic management
• medication that works on pain – NSAIDS, acetaminophen, opiods agonists
interventions/managemtn for pain
