Study Guide

Question 1

What osmolality of solution is suitable to be administered through peripheral veins?

Answer 1

600 mOsm or less

Question 2

What causes the greatest change in flow through a catheter?

Answer 2

Changes in diameter

Larger catheter = smaller guage

Question 3

What are possible complications of catheterization?

Answer 3

Phlebitis
Thrombosis
Embolism
Infection

Question 4

What type of catheters have increased severity of complications?

Answer 4

Central venous catheters

Question 5

What solution determines IV volume?

Answer 5

Na

Question 6

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 6

Loss of intravascular fluids

Question 7

What is a balanced fluid and what are examples?

Answer 7

A fluid that resembles extracellular fluid (high Ha, low K)

LRS, NormR, Plasmalyte 148

Question 8

What are replacement fluids?

Answer 8

High in Na and Cl

Low in K

Question 9

What are colloids?

Answer 9

Fluids in which (theoretically) 100% of infused volume stays in vasculature

Question 10

What protein generates 80% of cOP in normal states?

Answer 10

Albumin

Question 11

What is an example of a weak colloid?

Answer 11

Blood products (fresh frozen plasma and whole blood)

Question 12

Starches interfere with what factors and thus may lead to platelet dysfunction?

Answer 12

Factor VIII

vWBF

Question 13

What value would be falsely elevated compared to osolality after administration of hetastarch?

Answer 13

USG

Question 14

What riage category would an unconscious patient be classified?

Answer 14

Triage category 1

Question 15

A patient with short, shallow respirations may have what type of disease?

Answer 15

Pleural space disease or diaphragmatic hernia

Question 16

Stridor is indicative of what disease?

Answer 16

Upper airway obstruction

Question 17

What would you do for a patient in respiratory distress?

Answer 17

Minimize stress
Provide oxygen
Sedation - butorphanol

Question 18

How can you distinguish between cardiac and non-cardiac disease?

Answer 18

Rads

Cardiac disease will have pulmonary venous distntion

Question 19

What is the equation for DO2?

Answer 19

DO2 = CO x CaO2

Question 20

What is the equation for CaO2?

Answer 20

(Hb x 1.34 x SaO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)

Question 21

What type of heart rate would you expect in a patient in shock?

Answer 21

Mostly bradycardia but can also be tachycardic

Question 22

What is septic shock?

Answer 22

Systemic inflammatory response to infection complicated by hypotension in face of adequate fluid resusitation

Question 23

What are DAMPs?

Answer 23

“Danger-associated molecular proteins”

Non-infectious endogenous substances that can cause inflammation

Question 24

What enzymes cause hemorrhage?

Answer 24

Metalloproteinases

Question 25

What clinical signs are associated with snake bites?

Answer 25

Local wound swelling variable pain

Question 26

What are extreme consequences of snake envenomation?

Answer 26

Respiratory failure, paralysis

Question 27

What PaCO2 level calls for assisted ventilation?

Answer 27

PCO2 > 65 mmHg

Question 28

What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?

Answer 28

Bind to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase to prevent gene transcription Best for Gram -

Question 29

What antibiotic is best to treat hospital-acquired pneumonia or patients that have had recent antimicrobial use?

Answer 29

Penicillins with an aminoglycoside (amikacin)

Question 30

What antimicrobial is best for a recent animal bite?

Answer 30

Potentiated sulfonamides

Question 31

If a 15kg dog goes into cardiac arrest , which CPR technique would be best to use?

Answer 31

Thoracic pump technique | 100-120 bpm

Question 32

What is an indication for open chest compression?

Answer 32

Pericardial effusion

Question 33

What are the 4 cardiac arrest rhythms?

Answer 33

Asystole Pulseless V tach V fib Pulseless electrical activity

Question 34

What drug should you give to a blocked cat with high K?

Answer 34

Calcium gluconate

Question 35

What is Mean Arterial Pressure?

Answer 35

Cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

Question 36

What is the treatent for insulin overdose, hypocalcemia, low glycogen stroes?

Answer 36

Glucagon

Question 37

In which disease is there hyponatremia and hyperkalemia?

Answer 37

Addisonian crisis Do not correct Na overnight

Question 38

If a small dog comes in to your clinic a few days post-partum, febrile, and showing signs of tetany, what disease should you suspect and how will you treat it?

Answer 38

Eclampsia Give Ca gluconate

Question 39

How do you treat a dog with thyroid myxedema?

Answer 39

Thyroxine IV IV fluids Glucocorticoid

Question 40

What are the three cascade models of coagulation?

Answer 40

Extrinsic (initiation) Intrinsic (amplication) Common (propogation)

Question 41

What factor up-regulates PAI-1 and PAI-2?

Answer 41

TAFI

Question 42

What factore help prevent pathologic thrombosis?

Answer 42

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor Thrombomodulin Protein C Antithrombin

Question 43

What are the two events in DIC?

Answer 43

1. Widespread fibrin deposition | 2. Consumption of platelets and clotting factors

Question 44

How can you diagnose DIC? How do you treat it?

Answer 44

Dx: FDP Tx: treat underlying cause

Question 45

What clin path abnormality would you see with Vit K antagonism?

Answer 45

Prolonged PT with normal PTT

Question 46

If you suspect an animal has a coagulopathy and the owner is limited financially, what test is best?

Answer 46

ACT

Question 47

What is Virchow'd triad?

Answer 47

Endothelial damage Change in blood flow Hypercoagulability

Question 48

What is the #1 disease concurrently diagnosed with thrombosis?

Answer 48

Cancer

Question 49

Which test would you not use to diagnose a pulmonary thromboembolism?

Answer 49

TEG?

Question 50

What is the mechanism of action of unfractioned heparin?

Answer 50

Potentiation of antithrombin

Question 51

What is mechanical thromboprophylaxis?

Answer 51

Early and frequent controlled exercise

Question 52

What measure of blood pressure is very accurate?

Answer 52

Direct arterial BP

Question 53

Does respiratory rate affect the accuracy of pulse ox?

Answer 53

No

Question 54

What physiologic changes would you see with hypoventilation?

Answer 54

Decreased RR and tidal volume Increased metabolic rate Rise in body temp

Question 55

What ages are considered pediatric?

Answer 55

2-3 weeks through 4-6 months

Question 56

What is a normal neonatal temperature at 1 week old?

Answer 56

96-97 degrees F

Question 57

What is a normal neonatal heart rate at 1 week old?

Answer 57

200-220 bpm

Question 58

How can you assess neonatal hydration?

Answer 58

Weight MM Urine color

Question 59

How will you be able to tell is a neonate is not excreting urine?

Answer 59

Roll over, will see uroabdomen

Question 60

What is the most life-threatening injury induced by trauma?

Answer 60

Pneumothorax

Question 61

What is true about conventional (fluid?) resusitation?

Answer 61

Don't typically give shock dose

Question 62

What imaging is required for all trauma patients?

Answer 62

Thoracic rads

Question 63

What diagnostics would you do immediately for an animal with multiple fractures and in shock?

Answer 63

Thoracic rads | AFAST

Question 64

What diagnost is done on MOST trauma patients?

Answer 64

AFAST

Question 65

What is the Cushings relfex?

Answer 65

Hypertension with reflex bradycardia

Question 66

What injury requires surgery immediately after cardiovascular stabilization?

Answer 66

Spinal fracture

Question 67

What type of bandage is best for contaminated wounds?

Answer 67

Wet-to-dry